14 GARDEN FARMING 



In this connection we deem it wise and pertinent to discuss 

 briefly the means of applying various fungicides and insecticides. 

 Fungicides which are in the form of a liquid spray are most satis- 

 factorily applied by a force pump through a nozzle which makes a 

 very fine mist. The nozzle which is most satisfactory for this pur- 

 pose is either the Vermorell or one of the types of the Seneca. 

 The Vermorell nozzle is constructed upon a correct scientific prin- 

 ciple for making a spray or mist ; that is, upon the " eddy-cham- 

 ber " principle, in which a liquid is forced, under high pressure, 

 into a small chamber from an opening at a tangent to the side 

 of the chamber. The liquid is shot into the chamber at a high 

 velocity, is forced to assume a rotary motion inside the cham- 

 ber, and can escape only by a small orifice at the center. It is 

 this rotary motion which breaks up the liquid, upon its exit from 

 the small orifice, into a very fine cone-shaped spray or mist. One 

 difficulty with this type of nozzle is that the liquid to be used must 

 be free from all obstructions, such as small particles of lime or 

 dirt of any kind. There are many devices for carrying the spray- 

 ing material, such as barrels mounted upon wagons, carts, or sleds, 

 and smaller receptacles which can be carried in the hand or upon 

 the back. A few of the more serviceable forms of spraying appa- 

 ratus are shown in figure 2. Each person will have to judge for 

 himself which of the devices will best suit his conditions, this 

 depending largely upon the area of the crop grown. For exten- 

 sive field operations power sprayers which are manipulated by 

 horse power, steam, or gas engine are most satisfactory, while for 

 smaller operations the hand pumps are very convenient. 



Dust sprays, so called, are very fine powders which contain the 

 necessary ingredients for destroying or preventing the growth of 

 parasitic plants upon crops, and are applied by dust guns which 

 act upon the principle of a rotary fan or bellows, blowing the dust 

 at a high velocity from a long tube upon the foliage of the plants, 

 preferably while they are moist. 



Preparation of fungicides. The following fungicides are to be 

 diluted with water and used as a spray : 



Bordeaiix mixture is the best general fungicide for surface 

 fungi, including blights, mildews, etc. ; it is prepared as follows : 

 In a wooden or earthen vessel dissolve 4 pounds of powdered or 



