ON THK MORPHOLOGICAL VIEW oK NATURE. 261 



ami for dill'ereiiL purposes. Thu fuel that the organisa- 

 tion of the higher animals, which, for medical reasons, is 

 more interesting, can be roughly divided into a variety 

 of separate organs or systems of organs, each of wliicli 

 can be, to some extent, studied by itself as we study 

 the parts and workings of a machine, and that for the 

 physician greater interest attaches to the functions of 

 these organs, placed anatomy for a long time under the 

 influence of physiology, which is the science of the per- 

 formance, not of the structure, of the parts of living crea- 

 tures. Phytotomy, on the other side, was for a long time 

 neglected, awaiting the greater perfection of the micro- 

 scope. Thus it came al)out tliat down to nearly the 

 middle of the century the morphological study of animals 

 and that of plants were pursued without much mutual 

 benefit or regard. The phytotomists of the seventeenth 

 century had established the fact that plants are built up 

 of minute parts called variously utricles, bladders, vesicles, 

 but mostly cells, and which were compared with tlie 

 structure of the foam of Ijeer or the cells of a honey- 

 comb.^ Different forms were assigned to these cavities. 



'Aug. Pyr. de Caiidolle begins isation des Plautes ' (Harlem, 1812) 



his ' Organographie ' (1827) with as the only French book whicli con- 



tlie words: "La nature iiitime des tains an account of the phytotoniic 



vcgi'taux, vue aux plus forts micro- , reseaiclies cai-ried on by the Ger- 



scopes, offre peu de diversitds. Les mans, who, after the lapse of a cen- 



plantes les plus disparates par leurs tury, were the first to take uj) 



formes extdrieures, se ressemblent I these studies again. In the second 



;i I'intc'rieur a un degrd viainieiit chapter l^e Caiidolle says; " Le 



extraordinaire," &c. ; and after ti-*su cellulaiio, considers en masse, 



going back to the observations of est un tissu membraiieux foi-mc par 



Malpighi and Grew, and referring ' un grand nombre de cellules ou de 



to the recent ones of Mirbel, Link, i cavites closes de toutes parts ; 



Treviranus, Sprengel, Kudolphi rccume de la bicre ou un rayon 



Kieser, Dutrochet, and Amici, men- de miel en donnent unc idee gross- 



tions Kieser's ' Memoire sur I'Organ- | i6re mai.s assez exacte " (j). 11). 



