386 SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT. 



Bichat, as Claude Bernard has told iis,^ thus clearly and 

 eloquently found the expression or " formula for the 

 fleeting ideas of his age. All the ideas of his con- 

 temporaries regarding life, all their attempts to define 

 it, are, in a way, only the echo and paraphrase of his 

 doctrine." We find it repeated by surgeons like Pelletan, 

 who practised in the Hotel Dieu, and by great naturalists 

 like Cuvier, who founded comparative anatomy. To both 

 of these life was a contest, a struggle, as it is at the end 

 of the century to the Darwinians ; but it was a struggle 

 of the living forces against the dead, whereas nowadays 

 it is the struggle of the living for supremacy amongst 

 each other or a process of adaptation to external condi- 

 12. tions. Whilst there is this great difference between 



Vitalism ami _ _ 



Darwinism, thcsc two views characterising respectively the begin- 

 ning and the end of our century, they have one point 

 in common — they both emphasise the unrest, the con- 

 tinued change, the extreme mobility which distinguishes 

 Hving matter. But even this distinction has ceased 

 during the course of the century to impress us so 

 much as it did Bichat ; since the stability of the solar 

 system proclaimed by Laplace has ceased to charm 

 astronomers, and the dictum of ancient science has 

 been refuted : " materiam cceli esse inalterabilem." ^ 



' ' La Science Experimentale,' 

 p. 164. 



- Claude Bernard {loc. cit., p. 

 172, &c.) dwells on this point with 

 great eloquence. " Aujourd'hui 

 I'esprit des astronomes est familiar- 

 ise avec I'idee d'une mobilite et 

 d'une evolution continuelle du 

 monde sidoral. Les astres n'ont 

 pas toujours existe, dit M. Faye ; 

 ils ont eu une periode de for- 



mation ; ils auront pareillement 

 une pi^riode de declin, suivie d'une 

 extinction finale. . . . Les as- 

 tronomes, avant de connaiti-e les 

 lois des mouvements des corps 

 celestes, avaient imagine de i puis- 

 sances, des forces siderales, comma 

 les physiologistes reconnaissaient 

 des forces et des puissances vitales. 

 Kepler lui - meme admettait un 

 esprit recteur sideral par I'influence 



