430 SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT. 



38 here we meet first of all with the great fact that a living 

 ment. thing cannot be conceived to exist alone : it is dependent 



upon its environment, and upon other living things of 

 similar, never quite identical, and mostly very different 

 nature. As a consequence of the conception which 

 guided Lamarck in contemplating the living world— 

 especially the crowd of living things which before 

 him had remained unobserved — the influence of en- 

 vironment plays a greater and greater part in the 

 study of every form of life. The further funda- 

 mental property of all living matter — that it absorbs 

 through intussusception other matter which surrounds 

 it, that it grows and multiplies by division, casting 

 oh' some portions of its own substance as useful 

 secretions or cumbrous and useless excretions — has the 

 twofold result that every living thing modifies its own 

 surroundings and that it creates a society of its like which, 

 through an automatic process of crowding-out, exercises 

 a kind of selection among its members, they being forced 

 to accommodate themselves to circumstances and to each 

 other. ^ The process suggested by Darwin as the rationale 



there seemed no need for further in- of the experimental as distinguished 



vestigation. Physiologj", expounded I fromtheanatomical method, namely, 



as it often was at that time in tlie \ that it deals with the organism 



light of such a conception, was apt i whilst it is alive, see the conclud- 



to leave in the mind of the hearer ' ing remarks in Sir M. Foster's 



the view that what remained to be 

 done consisted chiefly in determin 

 ing the use of organs such as the 

 spleen, to which as j-et uo definite 



article on " General Physiology " in 

 the ' Ency. Brit.,' vol. xix. 



^ The relations of living things 

 to each other and to their environ- 



function had been allotted. The | ment admit of being contemplated 



discovery of the glycogenic function 

 of the liver struck a heavy blow at 

 the whole theory of functions." 

 (Sir M. Foster in ' Claude Bernard,' 

 p. 90.) On the necessary condition 



in two waj's, which may be best 

 distinguished by a reference to 

 human society, exhibiting as it does 

 the two phenomena of co-oi^eration 

 and of competition. The former 



