ON THE rsYCHO-rHYSlCAL VIEW OF NATURE. 495 

 Heibait, tlierefore, to overthrow the so-called faculty- 21. 



His attack 



psychoWv, iind to insist on the essential iinilv and "","'« 

 1 J c^ > J "faculty- 



simplicity of the inner life, must have made a great J^gy*^'.'*"'' 



impression on all who came uniler the intluence of his 



philosophy. It did this in two ways.^ It first of 



1 Besides Herbart (1776-1841), 

 whose psychological writings date 

 from 1813 to 1825, another Oerman 

 ps^'chologist is usually- mentioned as 

 having helped to overthrow the older 

 l'acultj--i)sych()logy. Beueke (179S- 

 1854), a younger contemporary of 

 Herbart, conceived of psychology 

 as a natural science. His principal 

 work, ' Lehrbuch der Psychologic 

 als Naturwissenschaft,' appeared 

 in 1833, and has been several times 

 republisiied, the fourth edition ap- 

 pearing in 187 7. Beneke worked 

 in opposition to Hegel at Berlin, 

 liis historical forerunners being the 

 German philosophers, Jacobi, Fries, 

 and Schleiermacher, as well as the 

 English philosophy of the so-called 

 Association - school. An account 

 of his philosophy does not belong 

 to a chapter on psycho-physics ex- 

 cept in as much as he introduced 

 into the study of the inner life not 

 indeed the facts and data of jthysical 

 — i.e., physiological — science, but 

 the i)hysical method. He was the 

 purest representative of the psycho- 

 logy of the "inner sense." Whilst 

 Herbart based his jjsychology alike 

 on experience, metaphj-sics, and 

 matiiematics, Beneke accejjted only 

 the first, and discarded the latter. 

 Standing thus outside the all- 

 powerful school of Hegel and the 

 increasing influence of Herbart, 

 Beneke had during his lifetime 

 only a limited audience, and re- 

 ceived due attention in a wider 

 cii-cle, fii'st and priucipally through 

 Ueberwcg, who was gi-eatly im- 

 pressed by him. In fact, his 

 influence was felt in Germany 



about the same time as that of 

 the English and Scottish philo- 

 sophers. Ueberweg, in his well 

 known ' History of Philosuphy,' 

 vol. ii. pp. 281-292 (Engl, transl. 

 by Morris, 1874), gives a full ac- 

 count of Beneke. Prof. Erdmann 

 gives a very full account also in 

 his excellent ' Grundriss der Ge- 

 schichte der Philosophic' (3te Aufl., 

 1878, vol. ii. pp. 628-641). The fact 

 that Beneke's method is intro- 

 spective, brings him not only into 

 contact with the English school, 

 but also with French thought, 

 which has alwaj-s been character- 

 ised by subtle psychological aiial- 

 j'sis. This explains the fact that 

 M. Marion (in the 'Grande Juicyclo- 

 jjudie ') calls Beneke " un des prin- 

 cipaux pliilosophes Allemands du 

 siecle," — a designation which would 

 hardly be echoed either in Germany 

 or in England. The best account 

 of Beneke's position in the de- 

 velo])ment of psychology extant in 

 the Englisli language is that of Dr 

 G. F. Stout, in his article 

 " Herbart compared with English 

 Psychologists and with Beueke," 

 in the 14th volume of the 1st 

 series of ' Mind ' (1889). M. Ribot, 

 in his well-known book on ' ^Modern 

 German Psychology ' (Engl, transl. 

 by Baldwin, 1899), does not say 

 much about Beneke, but his ac- 

 count of Herbart and his school, 

 and their j)osition in psycho-physi- 

 cal thought, is concise and nmch 

 to the point. Dr Stout's articles 

 on Herbart in 'Mind' (vols. 13, 14) 

 are also much to be reconmiended. 



