PAPER. 



they dip as much paper at once as they 

 can conveniently hold, and with a quick 

 motion give every sheet its share of the 

 size, which must be as hot as the hand 

 can well bear it. After this the paper is 

 pressed; hung 1 up sheet by sheet to dry ; 

 and, being taken down, is sorted, and, 

 what is only fit for outside quires laid 

 separately : it is then told into quires, 

 which are folded and pressed. The 

 broken sheets are commonly put toge- 

 ther, and two of the worst quires are 

 placed on the outside of every ream or 

 bundle, and being- tied up in wrappers, 

 made of the settling of the vat, it is fit for 

 gale. 



Paper is of various kinds, and used for 

 various purposes : with regard to colour, 

 it is principally distinguished into white, 

 blue, and brown ; and with regard to its 

 dimensions, into atlas, elephant, imperial, 

 super-royal, royal, medium, demy, crown, 

 fool's-cap, and pot. paper. 



Fig. 1, Paper Mill, is an elevation of an 

 engine paper mill ; (fig. 2) a plan ; and 

 (fig. 3) a section of it; the same letters 

 refer to all the figures. It is contained in 

 a square wooden chest, A B D E, lined 

 with lead, and divided in the middle by 

 a partition F F ; on the front and back of 

 the chest, two short beams, G G, g g, are 

 bolted ; they have long mortices through 

 them to receive tenons, at the end of two 

 horizontal levers, H H, which turn on 

 bolts in one of the beams, G g, as centres, 

 and are elevated or depressed by turning 

 the nuts of two screws, h h, fixed to the 

 tenon, and coming up through the top of 

 the beams, G g, upon which the nuts take 

 their bearing 1 . Two brasses are let into 

 the middle of the levers, H H, and form 

 the bearing for the spindle, 1 1, of the en- 

 gine to turn upon. K, is the cylinder, 

 made of wood, and fixed fast upon the 

 spindle, I I ; it has a number of knives or 

 cutters fixed on it, parallel to its axis, and 

 projecting from its circumference about 

 an inch. L, (fig. 3) is a circular breast- 

 ing, made of boards, and covered with 

 sheet-lead, which fits the cylinder very 

 truly, and leaves but very little space be- 

 tween the teeth and the breasting, L. 

 M, is an inclined plane, leading regularly 

 from the bottom of the engine trough, to 

 the top of the breasting ; and N is ano- 

 ther plane, but of smaller inclination, 

 leading from the bottom of the breasting ; 

 at the bottom of the breasting, beneath 

 the axis of the cylinder, a block, P, is 

 fixed, it has cutters of the same size, and 

 exactly similar to those in the cylinder, 

 which pass very near to those in the 



block, but do not touch; this block is 

 fixed by a dove-tail into the wooden bot- 

 tom of the breasting ; it comes through 

 the wood- work of the chest, and projects 

 a small distance from the outside of it, and 

 is kept up to its place by a wedge, Q, 

 (fig 1 . 1) ; by withdrawing this wedge the 

 block becomes loose, and can be removed 

 to sharpen the cutters as occasion re- 

 quires. 



The cylinder is turned round with great 

 velocity by a small pinion, E, turned by a 

 cog wheel, which is turned with the in- 

 tervention of other wheels by a water- 

 wheel, so as to revolve about one hundred 

 and twenty times per minute. This great 

 velocity draws the rags and water with 

 which the engine-trough is filled, down 

 between the cylinder and the fixed cut- 

 ters in the block, P ; and by this they are 

 cut in pieces, and, passing round the par- 

 tition, F F, come to the cylinder again : 

 the breasting, L, by being so close to the 

 cylinder, and its top so near the surface 

 of the water, prevents the rags getting to 

 the cylinder too fast, and by that means 

 clogging it up, or raising it up from its 

 bearing; and if any rags come to the 

 breasting rolled up, the action of the cy- 

 linder against the breasting tends to open 

 them, and bring them in their proper di- 

 rection to the cylinder. The screws, h h, 

 are used to raise or lower the cylinder, 

 and cause it to cut finer or coarser by en- 

 larging or diminishing the space between 

 the cutters in the block, P, and those of 

 the cylinder. 



A cover is put over the cylinder to pre- 

 vent the water and rags being thrown out 

 of the engine by its great velocity ; it is a 

 square box, a b d e, and has two small 

 troughs at d and e, coming through the 

 sides of the box. fg, are two hair sieves, 

 sliding in grooves made in each side of 

 the box : the cylinder, as it turns, throws 

 a great quantity of the water and rags 

 up against these sieves ; the water goes 

 through them, and runs down the trough 

 at d and e, and from thence into the end 

 of leaden pipes, h i, (fig. 1), by which it 

 is conveyed away : k I, are grooves for 

 two boards, which, when slid down in their 

 places, cover the hair sieves, and stop the 

 water going through them. A consider- 

 able part of the rags thus thrown up by 

 the cylinder, pass quite over it, and go 

 down under it again. 



The engine is constantly supplied with 

 fair water by a pipe, R, delivering it into 

 a small cistern communicating with the 

 engine ; the pipe has a flannel bag tied to 

 the end to strain the water. In larg-e. 



