PAP 



PAP 



by a soft camel's-hair brush, and the pro- 

 per flock will be found to adhere in a 

 strong manner. The method of prepar- 

 ing the flock is, by cutting woollen rags 

 or pieces of cloth with the hand, by means 

 of a large bill or chopping-knife ; or by 

 means of a machine worked by a horse- 

 mill. There is a kind of counterfeit flock- 

 paper, which, when well managed, has 

 very much the same effect to the eye as 

 the real, though done with less expense. 

 The manner of making this sort is, by lay- 

 ing a ground of varnish on the paper ; 

 and having afterwards printed the de- 

 sign of the flock in varnish, in the same 

 manner as for the true ; instead of the 

 flock, some pigment, or dry colour, of the 

 same hue with the flock required by the 

 design, but somewhat of a darker shade, 

 being well powdered, is strewed on the 

 printed varnish, and produces nearly the 

 same appearance. 



PAPER, blotting, is paper not sized, and 

 into which ink readily sinks : it is used 

 in books, &.c. instead of sand, to prevent 

 blotting ; and also by apothecaries for fil- 

 tering. 



PAPIER mache. This is a substance 

 made of cuttings of white or brown paper, 

 boiled in water, and beaten in a mortar 

 till they are reduced into a kind of paste, 

 and then boiled with a solution of gum 

 arabic or of size, to give tenacity to the 

 paste, which is afterwards formed into 

 different toys, &c. by pressing it into oiled 

 moulds. When dry, it is done over with 

 a mixture of size and lamp-black, and 

 afterwards varnished. The black varnish 

 for these toys, according to Dr. Lewis, is 

 prepared as follows. Some colophony, 

 or turpentine, boiled down till it becomes 

 black and friable, is melted in a glazed 

 earthen vessel, and thrice as much amber 

 in fine powder sprinkled in by degrees, 

 with the addition of a little spirit or oil of 

 turpentine now and then : when the am- 

 ber is melted, sprinkle in the same quan- 

 tity of sarcocolla, continuing to stir them, 

 and to add more spirit of turpentine, till 

 the whole becomes fluid ; then strain out 

 the clear through a coarse hair bag, 

 pressing it gently between hot boards. 

 This varnish, mixed with ivory-black in 

 fine powder, is applied in a hot room on 

 the dried paper paste, which is then set 

 in a gently heated oven, next day in a 

 hotter oven, and the third day in a very 

 hot one, and let stand each time till the 

 oven grows cold. 



PAPILIO, in natural history, butterfly, 

 a genus of insects of the order Lepidop- 

 tera : antennae growing thicker towards 



the tip, and generally ending in a kno^ ; 

 wings when fitting erect, the backs meet- 

 ing together over the abdomen ; they fly 

 in the day-time. The number of species 

 under this genus (not less than 1200) 

 renders it necessary to divide the whote 

 into sections, which are instituted from 

 the habit or general appearance, and, in 

 some degree, from the distribution of the 

 colour on the wings. We shall give the 

 arrangement according to Linnaeus, which 

 in this instance exhibits an attempt to 

 combine, in some degree, natural and 

 civil history, by attaching the memory of 

 some illustrious ancient name to an insect 

 of a particular cast. By this plan there 

 are five divisions, viz. 



1. Equites : upper wings longer from 

 the posterior angle to the tip than to the 

 base; antennae frequently filiform. The 

 Equites are, Trojans, having red spots or 

 patches on each side their breasts; or 

 Greeks, without red marks on the breast, 

 of gayer colours, in general, than the 

 former, and often having an eye-shaped 

 spot at the inner corner of the lower 

 wings. 



2. Heliconii : wings narrow, entire, 

 often naked, or semi-transparent ; the 

 upper ones oblong, the lower ones very 

 short. In some of the Heliconii the under 

 wings are slightly indented. 



3. Danai, from the sons and daughters 

 of Danaus. These are divided into D. 

 candidi and D. festivi ; the wings of the 

 former are white, of the latter they are 

 variegated. 



4. Nymphale* : wings denticulate. Of 

 these there are the gemmati and the 

 phalerati ; the one having eye-shaped 

 spots either on all the wings, or on the 

 upper or lower pair only ; the others have 

 no spots on their wings, but, in general, a 

 great variety of colours. 



5. Plebeii : small ; the larva often con- 

 tracted. These are divided into the 

 rurales, wings with obscure spots ; and 

 the urbicolie, wings mostly with transpa- 

 rent spots. 



Among the Equites Troes, the P. Pria- 

 mus should take the lead, not only from 

 the corresponding dignity of the name, 

 but from the exquisite appearance of the 

 animal itself, which Linnams considered 

 as the most beautiful of the whole papi- 

 lionaceous tribe. ( This admirable species; 

 measures more' than six inches from 

 wing's end to wing's end : the upper 

 wings are velvet- black, with a broad 

 band of the most beautiful grass-green, 

 and of a satiny lustre, drawn from the 

 shoulder to the tip, and another on the 



