PAR 



PAR 



the power of pardoning offences to be one 

 of the greatest advantages of monarchy, 

 in general, above every other foi m of go- 

 vernment, and which cannot subsist in 

 democracies. Its utility and necessity 

 are defended by him on all those princi- 

 ples which do honour to human nature. 

 Pardons are either general or special : 

 general, as by act of Parliament, of which, 

 if they are without exceptions, the court 

 must take notice, ex officio ,- but if there 

 are exceptions therein, the party must 

 aver, that he is none of the persons ex- 

 cepted ; special pardons, are either of 

 course, as to persons convicted of man- 

 slaughter, or se defendendo, and by seve- 

 sal statutes, to those who shall discover 

 their accomplices in several felonies; or 

 of grace, which are by the king's char- 

 ter, of which the court cannot take notice, 

 ex officio , but they must be pleaded. A 

 pardon may be conditional, that is, the 

 King may extend his mercy upon what 

 terms he pleases ; and may annex to his 

 bounty a condition, either precedent or 

 subsequent, on the performance whereof 

 the validity of the pardon will depend ; 

 and this by the common law. 



All pardons must be under the great 

 seal. The effect of a pardon is to make 

 the offender a new man : to acquit him 

 of all corporal penalties and forfeitures 

 annexed to that offence, and to give him 

 a new credit and capacity ; but nothing 

 but an act of Parliament can restore or 

 purity the blood after an attainder. 



PAREGORICS, medicines that assuage 

 pain, otherwise called anodynes. See 

 PHARMACY. 



PARENCHYMA0//tfonto. Grew ap- 

 plies the term parenchyma to the pith or 

 pulp, or that inner part of a fruit or plant 

 through which the juice is supposed to 

 be distributed. This, when viewed with 

 a microscope, appears to resemble mar- 

 row, or rather a sponge, being a porous, 

 flexible, dilatable substance. Its pores 

 are innumerable and exceeding small, re- 

 ceiving as much humour as is requisite 

 to fill and extend them, which disposition 

 of pores it is that is supposed to fit the 

 plant for vegetation and growth. 



PARENTS and CHILDREN, in law. 

 If parents run away, and leave their child- 

 ren at the charge of the parish, the 

 church-wardens and overseers, by order 

 of the justices, may seize the rents, 

 goods, and chattels of such persons, and 

 dispose thereof towards their children's 

 maintenance. A parent may lawfully 

 correct his child, being- under age, in a 

 reasonable muuner ; but the legal power 



of the father over the persons of his 

 child' en ceases at the age of twenty -one. 

 PARENTHESIS, in grammar, certain 

 intercalary words, inserted in a discourse, 

 which interrupt the sense, or thread, but 

 seem necessary for the better understand- 

 ing of the subject. The proper charac- 

 teristic of a parenthesis is, thai it may be 

 either taken in or left out, the sense and 

 the grammar remaining entire. In speak- 

 ing, the parenthesis is to be pronounced 

 in a different tone, ; and in writing, it is 

 enclosed between ( ), called also a pa- 

 renthesis, but commonly a bracket, or 

 crotchet, to distinguish it from the rest of 

 the discourse. The politest of our mo- 

 dern writers avoid all parenthesis, as 

 keeping the mind in suspense, embar- 

 rassing it, and rendering the discourse 

 less clear, uniform, and agreeable. 



PARHELIUM, of PAKHELION, in 

 physiology, a mock sun, or meteor, in 

 form of a very bright light, appearing 

 on one side of the sun. The parhelia 

 are formed by the reflection of the sun's 

 beams on a cloud properly posited. 

 They usually accompany the coronae, or 

 luminous circles, and are placed in the 

 same circumference, and at the same 

 height. Their colours resemble that of 

 the rainbow; the red and yellow are on 

 the side towards the sun, and the blue 

 and violet on the other. There are co- 

 ronse sometimes seen without parhelia, 

 and 'vice vei*sa. Parhelia are double, 

 triple, &,c. and in 1629, a parhelion of 

 five suns was seen at Rome; and in 1666, 

 another at Aries, of six. M. Mariotte 

 accounts for parhelia from an infinity of 

 little particles of ice floating in the air, 

 that multiply the image of the sun by 

 refraction or reflection ; and by a 

 geometrical calculus, he has determined 

 the precise ' figure of these little icicles, 

 their situation in the air, and the siz.e of 

 the coronsc of circles which accompany 

 the parhelia, and the colours wherewith 

 they are painted. M. Huygens ac- 

 counts for the formation of a parhelion 

 in the same manner as for that of the 

 halo. 



PARIAN chronicle. See ARUNDELIAN 

 marbles. 



PARIANA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Monoecia Polyandria class and order. 

 Essential character : male, flowers in 

 whorls, forming spikes ; calyx two-valv- 

 ed ; corolla two-valved, Larger than the 

 calyx ; filaments forty : female, flowers 

 solitary in each whorl ; calyx Lwo-valved; 

 corolla two-valved, less than the calyx ; 

 stigmas two ; seed three-cornered,, in- 



