PAR 



PAR 



parts are united by the force of aggrega- 

 tion, the constituent parts by chemical af- 

 finity. Hence chemists say that simple 

 bodies consist entirely of integrant parts, 

 all their particles being 1 alike in their pro- 

 perties. But compounds may be considei'- 

 ed as consisting both of integrant and 

 constituent parts; and it has been sup- 

 posed, that when an attraction is exerted 

 between two compound substances, it is 

 between their integrant parts, not their 

 constituent principles, and that it is 

 the combination of the former which 

 constitutes the substance formed by their 

 union. 



PARTICLE, in grammar, a denomina- 

 tion for all those small words that tie or 

 unite others together, or that express 

 the modes or manners of words, usual- 

 ly included by grammarians under these 

 four parts of speech, iriz. adverbs, 

 prepositions, interjections, and conjunc- 

 tions. 



PARTIES, are those which are named 

 in a deed or fine, as parties to it. See 



PARTITION, is a dividing of lands de- 

 scended by the common law or custom, 

 among coheirs or parceners, where there 

 are two at the least 



PARTITION, in music, the disposition 

 of the several parts of a song set on the 

 same leaf, so as upon the uppermostrang- 

 es of lines are found the treble ; in ano- 

 ther, the bass ; in another, the tenor, &c. 

 that they maybe all sung or played, either 

 jointly or separately. 



PARTNERSHIP, in arithmetic. See 

 FELLOWSHIP. 



PART-OWNERS, are partners inte- 

 rested and possessed of certain shares 

 in a ship. Owners are tenants in com- 

 mon with each other ; but one or more 

 joint-owners refusing to contribute their 

 quota to the outfit of the vessel, can- 

 not prevent her from going to sea 

 against the consent of the majority of the 

 owners, who, giving security in the 

 Admiralty, may freight the ship at their 

 own exclusive risk, by which the small- 

 er dissentient number of owners will be 

 excluded at once from any share, either 

 in the risk or in the profits. See SHIP- 

 PING. 



PARTRIDGE. See TETRAO. 



PAR US, the titmouse, in natural histo- 

 ry, a genus of birds of the order Passeres. 

 Generic character : bill strait, somewhat 

 compressed, strong, hard, and pointed ; 

 nostrils round, and covered with bristles 

 turned back over them from the base of 

 the bill ; tongue truncated, and bristly at 



the end ; toes divided to their origin, the 

 back one very large and strong. These 

 birds are found in almost every part of 

 the old Continent, from the north of Eu- 

 rope to the south of India, and are high- 

 ly prolific, laying eighteen or twenty 

 eggs, which they hatch with unwearied 

 patience. They build their nest with 

 particular neatness and skill, and fre- 

 quently on the extremity of some branch 

 suspended over water, by which they se- 

 cure it from the attack of various ani- 

 mals to which it might otherwise fall a 

 prey. They are wonderfully active and 

 alert, rapid and assiduous in their search 

 for insects, on which they principally 

 subsist, under the bark and in the cre- 

 vices of trees, which they clear of the 

 immense multitudes of caterpillars co- 

 vering them in spring, and which would 

 totally blast their vegetation. They arc- 

 in no country migratory, though they oc- 

 casionally change their residence for short 

 distances. They are impassioned and 

 irascible to a great degree, and when ir- 

 ritated will display that ardent eye and 

 muffled plumage which indicate the pa- 

 roxysm of agitation. Their courage is of 

 the first order, as they are known some- 

 times to attack birds three times their 

 size. Even the owl is by no means secure 

 from their rage, and whatever bird they 

 pursue, their first attempts are levelled at 

 the head, and particularly at the eyes and 

 brains, the latter of which they eat with 

 particular avidity and relish. Gmelin enu- 

 merates thirty-one species, and Latham 

 twenty-seven. 



P. major, or the greater titmouse of 

 Europe, weighs about an ounce. The 

 male and female associate for some time 

 before they begin to build, which they do 

 with the most downy materials, and ge- 

 nerally in the hole of some tree. The 

 young continue blind for several days, 

 and after they have left the nest 

 never return to it, but continue, how- 

 ever, in the same neighbourhood, with 

 the appearance of great family attach- 

 ment, till the ensuing spring. See Aves, 

 Plate X. fig. 7. 



P. cxruleus, or the blue titmouse of 

 Europe, is eminently beautiful, and high- 

 ly serviceable in destroying caterpillars 

 in orchards and gardens. It picks the 

 bones of small birds to the most complete 

 cleanness, and is distinguished by the bit- 

 terness of its aversion to the owl. See 

 Aves, Plate X. fig. 8. 



P. caudatus, or the long-tailed titmouse 

 of Europe, lives in the same manner as 

 the former, and has the same general ha- 



