PAS 



PAT 



lions are corporeal indications of what 

 passes within." 



PASSION, or Cross of the Passion, in he- 

 raldry, is so called, because resembling the 

 shape of that on which our Saviour is 

 thought to have suffered ; that is, not 

 crossed in the middle, but a little below 

 the top, with arms short in proportion to 

 the length of the shaft. 



PASSION Jtoiver, in botany. See PASSI- 



FLORA. 



PASSPORT, is a license for the safe 

 passage of any person from one port to 

 another. 



PASTE, a composition of water and 

 flour, boiled to a consistence ; used by 

 various artificers, as saddlers, upholster- 

 ers, book-binders, &c. 



PASTE, in the glass trade, a kind of co- 

 loured glass, made of calcined crystal, 

 lead, and other metallic preparations, so 

 as to imitate the natural gems. The basis 

 of these compositions is a pure glass, 

 prepared from pounded quartz, fused 

 with alkali, with the addition of borax 

 and of oxide of lead. The latter gives 

 density to the glass, a susceptibility of re- 

 ceiving a higher polish, and a greater re- 

 fractive power, by which the lustre is in- 

 creased. Different colours are obtained 

 by the addition of various metallic oxides. 

 The oxide of gold gives a red; of cobalt, 

 blue ; of manganese, purple ; of lead, 

 yellow ; and of iron, green : and these 

 colours are so rich, as to be equal, or 

 even superior, to those of natural gems, 

 though in lustre, hardness, and durabi- 

 lity, the pastes are far inferior. They 

 may be distinguished by their inferior 

 specific gravity, and their softness, which 

 is such that they can be scratched by the 

 knife. 



PASTEBOARD, a kind of thick paper, 

 formed of several sheets of paper pasted 

 together. The chief use of pasteboard 

 is in binding books, making letter-cases, 

 &c. See PAPER. 



PASTINACA, in botany, parsnip, a ge- 

 nus of the Pentandria Dyginia ciass and 

 order. Natural order of Umbellatae, or 

 Umbelliferre. Essential character : fruit 

 elliptic, compressed, flat ; petals invo- 

 lute, entire. There are three species ; 

 of which P. sativa, common garden pars- 

 nip, has smooth leaves, of a light or yel- 

 lowish green colour, in which it differs 

 from the wild plant ; the stalks also rise 

 higher, and are deeper channeled ; the 

 peduncles are much longer, and the flow- 

 ers of a deeper yellow colour. The roots 

 are sweeter than carrots, and are eaten 

 by those who abstain from animal food in 

 VOL. V. 



Lent, or eat salt fish : they are highly nu- 

 tricious. In the north of Ireland they are 

 brewed, instead of malt, with hops, and 

 fermented with yeast; the liquor thus 

 obtained is very agreeable. 



PASTORAL, in general, something 

 that relates to shepherds ; hence we say, 

 pastoral life, manners, poetry, &c. The 

 original of poetry is ascribed to that age 

 which succeeded the creation of the 

 world; and as the keeping of flocks 

 seems to have been the first employment 

 of mankind, the'most ancient sort of poe- 

 try was probably pastoral. It is natural 

 to imagine, that the leisure of those an- 

 cient shepherds admitting and inviting* 

 some diversion, none \vas so proper to 

 that solitary and sedentaiy life as singing-, 

 and that in their songs they took occasion 

 to celebrate their own felicity. From 

 hence a poem was invented, and after- 

 wards improved to a perfect image of 

 that happy time, which, by giving us an 

 esteem for the virtues of a former age, 

 might recommend them to the present. 

 And since the life of shepherds was at- 

 tended with more tranquillity than any 

 other rural employment, the poets chose 

 to introduce their persons, from whom it 

 received the name of pastoral. A pasto- 

 ral is an imitation of the action of a shep- 

 herd, or one considered under that cha- 

 racter. The form of this imitation is dra- 

 matic, or narrative, or mixed with both ; 

 the fable simple ; the manners not too po- 

 lite nor too rustic ; the thoughts are 

 plain, yet admit a little quickness and 

 passion, but that short and flowing ; the 

 expression humble, 3 et as pure as the 

 language will afford; nea>, but not flo- 

 rid ; easy, and yet lively. In short, the 

 fable, manners, thoughts, and expres- 

 sions, are full of the greatest simplicity 

 in nature. The complete character of 

 this poem consists in simplicity, brevity, 

 and delicacy ; the two first of which ren- 

 der an eclogue natural, and the last de- 

 lightful. 



PASTURE, is generally any place 

 where cattle may feed, and in law is most- 

 ly applied to a common of pasture, or 

 right of feeding cattle on certain waste 

 lands. See COMMON. 



PATE, in foitification, a kind of plat- 

 form, resembling what is called an horse- 

 shoe ; not always regular, but generally 

 oval, encompassed only with a parapet, 

 and having nothing to flank it. It is usu* 

 ally raised on marshy grounds, to cover 

 the gate of a place. 



PATEE, or PATTEE, in heraldry, a 

 cross, small in the centre, and widen- 

 T 



