PIL 



PIM 



1, this product by the base -f 2, and di- 

 vide by 6. 



- PILE, square. Multiply the bottom 

 row by the bottom row -f- 1, and this pro- 

 duct by twice the bottom row -f- ~, and 

 divide by 6. 



Pi LES, rectangular. Multiply the breadth 

 of the base by itself" -f- 1, and this pro- 

 duct by three times the difference be- 

 tween the length and breadth of the base, 

 added to twice the breadth -{- 1, and di- 

 vide by 6. 



PILES, incomplete. Incomplete piles 

 being 1 only frustrums, wanting 1 a similar 

 small pile on the top, compute first the 

 whole pile as if complete, and also the 

 small pile wanting at top ; and then 

 subtract the one number from the other. 



PILE US, in botany, the orbicular hori- 

 zontal expansion, or upper part of a 

 mushroom, which covers the fructifica- 

 tion. This, from its figure, is termed, 

 by botanists, the hat of the mushroom. 



PILL. See PuAiwiAcr. 



PILLAR, in architecture, a kind of 

 irregular column, round and insulated, 

 but deviating from the proportions of a 

 just column. See ARCHITECTURE. 



PILLORY, was anciently a post erect- 

 ed in a cross road, by the Lord of the 

 Manor, with his arms' upon it, as a 

 mark of his seignory, and sometimes 

 with a collar to fix criminals to. At 

 present it is a wooden machine, made 

 to confine the head and hands, in order 

 to expose criminals to public view, and 

 to render them publicly infamous. 



PILOCARPOS, in botany, a genus of 

 the Pentandria Monogynia class and or- 

 der. Natural order of Dumosx. Rharo- 

 ni, Jussieu. Essential character : calyx 

 five-leaved; corolla five-petalled; fila- 

 ments inserted below the germ ; pericar- 

 piuni with from two to five cocculi, unit- 

 ed below, elastic. There is only one spe- 

 cies, viz. P. Racemosus, a native of the 

 West Indies. 



PILOT, a person employed to conduct 

 ships over bars and sands, or through in- 

 tricate channels, into a road or harbour. 

 Pilots are no coastant and standing- offi- 

 cers aboard our vessels, but are called in 

 occasionally, on coasts or shores unknown 

 to the Master, and having pilotted in the 

 vessel, they return to the shore where 

 they reside. 



Every respect and attention are paid 

 to pilots on board his Majesty's ships : 

 they are likewise well accommodated, 

 and when conducting a ship have the sole 

 command of it, and may give orders for 

 steering 1 , setting", trimming, 8<c. The 



captain is to see that all the officers aitH 

 men obey his orders. 



PILOT. All pilots must be examined 

 and approved by the Trinity House. 3 

 Geo. I. c. 13. And for the particular re- 

 gulations of the pilots of the Trinity 

 House, at Deptford, see the statute 5 Geo, 

 II. c. 30. 



PILULARIA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Cryptogamia Miscellanese class and 

 order. Natural order of Filices, or Ferns. 

 Generic character : common receptacle 

 globose, with four cells and four valves, 

 lined with numerous anthers, and many- 

 globose germs beneath Uiem. There is 

 but one species, vu. P. globulifera, pill- 

 wort, or pepper-grass. 



PIMELKA, in botany, a genus of the 

 Diandria Monogynia class and order. Es- 

 sential character : calyx none ; corolla 

 four-cleft ; stamina inserted into the 

 throat; nut covered with a bark, one - 

 celled. There are four species, natives 

 of New Zealand and New South WaJes. 



PIMELIA, in natural history, a genus 

 of insects of the order Coleoptera. Ge- 

 neric character : antennae filiform ; feelers 

 four; thorax plano-convex, margined; 

 head exserted ; shells rather rigid ; ge- 

 nerally without wings. There are be- 

 tween one and two hundred species, di- 

 vided into sections : A. antennae, monili- 

 form at the tip. B. antenna, entirely fili- 

 form. The section is subdivided into a 

 feelers filiform, and b feelers clavate, 

 The section B is likewise subdivided in- 

 to a, fore-feelers, filiform : b, fore-feelers, 

 hatchet-shaped ; hind ones clavate. The 

 species P. mortisaga, is black ; shells 

 mucronate, subpunctured. It is found 

 in many parts of Europe ; and in Sweden 

 it is regarded as a presage of death to 

 one of the house in which it is found 

 crawling. It is believed that not a single 

 species of this genus is to be found in 

 America. 



PIMPINELLA, in botany, burnet saoci- 

 frage y a genus of the Pentandria Digynia 

 class and order. Natural order of Um- 

 bellate, or UmbeUifera:. Essential cha- 

 racter : petals bent in ; stigma subglobu- 

 lar ; fruit ovate, oblong. There are nine 

 species, among 1 which we shall notice the 

 P. anisurn, anise ; it has an annual root, 

 producing 1 a stem a foot and a half in 

 height, dividing into several branches, 

 having 1 ntfrrow leaves on them, cut into 

 three or four narrow segments ; umbel? 

 large srnd loose, on long peduncles -, 

 flowers small, yellowish white ; seeds ob 

 long, swelling, possessing an aromatic 

 scent, and a pleasant warm, taste : in dis- 



