PIP 



PIP 



tance between the wheel, 2, and the car- 

 riage can be varied, by altering the iron 

 bar and pins, so as to bring the point of 

 support, or wheel, I, always as near as 

 convenient to the end of the tree. The 

 shaft, F, may be turned by any first 

 mover, wind, water, steam, or horses, as 

 is most convenient, and a man regulates 

 the wheel, I. When the borer is put in 

 motion, by turning the wheel, I, from o 

 to />, he draws the tree up to the borer, 

 which pierces it ; when a few inches are 

 bored, he withdraws the tree, by turning 

 the wheel back, that the borer may throw 

 out its chips ; he then returns the tree, 

 and continues this process until the work 

 is finished ; the borer is the shape of a 

 common auger. 



PIPE, tobacco, a machine used in the 

 smoaking of tobacco, consisting of a long 

 tube, made of earth or clay, having at one 

 end a little case, or furnace, called the 

 bowl, for the reception of the tobacco, the 

 fumes whereof are drawn by the mouth 

 through the other end. Tobacco-pipes 

 are made of various fashions ; long, short, 

 plain, worked, white, varnished, unvar- 

 nished, and of various colours, Stc. The 

 Turks use pipes three or four feet long, 

 made of rushes, or of wood bored, at the 

 end thereof they fix a kind of pot of baked 

 earth, which serves as a bowl, and which 

 they take off after smoking. 



PIPE also denotes a vessel or measure 

 for wine, and things measured by wine- 

 measure. It is usually reckoned two hogs- 

 heads, or 126 gallons : this is the measure 

 found in books, but in actual life it is very 

 different. 



Gallons. 



The pipe of Port is 138 



Madeira 110 



Vidonia 120 



Sherry 130 



Lisbon, and Bucellas 140 



The pipe of port is seldom accurately 

 138 gallons, and it is customary in trade 

 to charge what the cask actually con- 

 tains, be it more or less than the estimat- 

 ed quantity. 



PIPE, in music, any tube formed of a 

 reed, or of wood, metal, &c. wftich being 

 inflated at one end, produces a musical 

 sound, acute or grave, soft or loud, ac- 

 cording to the material, its form, and di- 

 mensions. The pipe, which was origi- 

 nally no more than a simple oaten straw, 

 formed one of the first instruments by 

 which melodious sounds were attempted, 



PIPES of Pan, or mouth organ, a wind 

 i nstrument, consisting of a range of pipes 



bound together side by side, and gradu- 

 ally lessening, with respect to each other, 

 in length and diameter. The longest is 

 about six inches, and the shortest only 

 two in length. In performing upon this 

 instrument, it is held in the hand, and the 

 pipes are blown into by the mouth at the 

 upper end. 



PIPE, in law, a roll in the exchequer, 

 otherwise called the GREAT roll, whence 

 there is an office called the pipe office, 

 where they take cognizance of estreats 

 and forfeitures to the king. 



PIPER, in botany, pepper, a genus of 

 the Diandria Trigynia class and order. 

 Natural order of Piperitse. Urticae, Jus- 

 sieu. Essential character : calyx none ; 

 corolla none; berry one-seeded. There 

 are sixty species. Most of the peppers 

 are perennial, with herbaceous or frutes- 

 cent stems, sometimes scandent and di- 

 chotomous, the branches as it were joint- 

 ed. The numerous species of this genus 

 are natives of the East and West Indies* 

 a few of the islands in the South Seas, and 

 two or three of the Cape of Good Hope. 

 P. nigrum, black pepper, grows spontane- 

 ously in the East Indies and Cochin China; 

 it is cultivated with such success in Ma- 

 lacca, Java, and especially in Sumatra, 

 that it is thence exported to every part of 

 the world, where a regular commerce has 

 been established. White pepper was for- 

 merly thought to be a different species 

 from the black ; but it is nothing more than 

 the ripe berries deprived of their skin, by 

 steeping them about a fortnight in water ; 

 after which they are dried in the sun. P. 

 betle, betel, has the stems smooth and 

 even, striated, angular ; leaves acuminate, 

 a little oblique at the base; peduncle 

 longer than the petiole, and opposite to it ; 

 spike cylindrical, frequently, together 

 with the peduncle, pendulous ; petiole 

 channeled at the base. It is the leaf of this 

 species of pepper plant, which is called 

 betle, or betel, which serves to enclose a 

 few slices or bits of the areca ; these, 

 together with a little chunam, or shell 

 lime, are what the southern Asiatics uni- 

 versally chew to sweeten the breath and 

 strengthen the stomach ; the lower people 

 there use it as ours do tobacco in Europe, 

 to keep off' the calls of hunger : it is there 

 deemed the height of impoliteness to speak 

 to a superior without some of it in the 

 mouth. The women of Canara on the 

 Malabar coast, stain their teeth black with 

 antimony, thus preserving them good to 

 old age ; the men, on the contrary, ruin 

 theirs by the betel and chunam, or lime, 

 which they take with it. 



