PUN 



PUN 



tain Bentinck, after having received some 

 material additions to answer that service. 

 The principal superiority of this pump to 

 the former is, 1. That the chain is more 

 simple and easily worked, and conse- 

 quently less exposed to injuries by fric- 

 tion. 2. That the chain is secured upon 

 the wheel, and thereby prevented from 

 jerking back when charged with a co- 

 lumn of water. 3. That it may be easily 

 taken up and repaired when broken or 

 choked with ballast, &c. And, 4 That 

 it discharges a much greater quantity of 

 water with an inferior number of men. 

 This has been proved by experience, 

 when two men (instead of four) discharg- 

 ed a tun of water in fifty-five seconds. 



PUNCH, an instrument of iron or steel, 

 used in several arts for the piercing or 

 stamping holes in plates of metals, &c. 

 being so contrived as not only to perfor- 

 ate, but to cut out and take away the 

 piece. The punch is a principal instru- 

 ment of the metal button-makers, wafer- 

 makers, patch-makers, shoe-makers, &c. 



PUNCHEON, a little block or piece of 

 steel, on one end whereof is some figure, 

 letter, or mark, engraven either in creux 

 or relievo, impressions whereof are taken 

 on metal, or some other matter, by strik- 

 ing it with a hammer on the end not en- 

 graved. There are various kinds of these 

 puncheons used in the mechanical arts : 

 such for instance are those of the gold- 

 smiths, cutlers, pewterers, &c. The pun- 

 cheon, in coining, is a piece of iron steel- 

 ed, whereon the engraver has cut in re- 

 lievo the several figures, arms, effigy, in- 

 scription, Sic. that are to be in the matri- 

 ces, wherewith the species are to be mark- 

 ed. Minters distinguish three kinds of 

 puncheons, according to the three kinds 

 of matrices to be made ; that of the effigy, 

 that of the cross, or arms, and that of the 

 legend, or inscription. The first includes 

 the whole portrait in relievo : the second 

 are small, each only containing a piece of 

 the cross or arms ; for instance, a fleur- 

 de-lys, an harp, a coronet, &c. by the 

 assemblage of all which the entire matrice 

 i formed. The puncheons of the legend 

 only contain each one letter, and serve 

 equally for the legend on the effigy side 

 and the cross side. 



PUNCHEON is also used for several 

 iron -tools of various sizes and figures, 

 used by the engravers in creux on metals. 

 Seal-gravers particularly use a great 

 number for the several pieces of arms, 

 &c. to be engraven, and many stamp the 

 whole seal from a single puncheon. 

 PUNCHEON is also a common name for 



all those iron instruments used by stone- 

 cutters, sculptors, blacksmiths, Etc. for 

 the cutting, inciding or piercing their se- 

 veral mutters. Those of sculptors and 

 statuaries serve for the repairing of statues 

 when taken out of the moulds ; the lock- 

 smiths use the greatest variety of punche- 

 ons ; some for piercing hot, others for 

 piercing cold ; some fiut, some square, 

 some round, others oval, each to pierce 

 holes of its respective figure in the sever- 

 al parts of locks. 



PUNCHEON, in carpentry, is a piece of 

 timber placed upright between two posts, 

 whose bearing is too great, serving, toge- 

 ther with them, to sustain some large 

 weights. This term is also used for a 

 piece of timber raised upright, under the 

 ridge of a building, wherein the little for- 

 ces, &c. are jointed. 



PUNCHEON, is also used for the arbor, 

 or principal part of a machine, whereon 

 it turns vertically, as that of a crane, &c. 



PUNCHEON is also a measure for li- 

 quids, containing an hogshead and one 

 third, or eighty-four gallons. 



PUNCTUATION, the art of dividing a 

 written composition into sentences, ur 

 parts of sentences, by points or stops, for 

 the purpose of marking the different 

 pauses which the sense requires. 



The comma (,) represents the shortest 

 puuse; the semicolon (;) a pause double 

 that of the comma ; the colon (:) double 

 that of the semicolon; and the period (.) 

 double that of the colon. The precise 

 duration of these pauses must depend on 

 the degree of slowr-as or rapidity observ- 

 ed in reading ; but the proportion between 

 them should be ever invariable. 



In order to determine clearly the appli- 

 cation of the points, it is necessary to dis- 

 tinguish between a simple sentence and a 

 compound sentence. A simple sentence 

 contains only one finite verb : as, " Virtue 

 refines the affections." A compound sen- 

 tence has more than one finite verb ex- 

 pressed or implied, and therefore consists 

 of two oi more simple sentences connect- 

 ed together : as, " Virtue refines the af- 

 fections ; but vice debases them." 



The comma is used to mark the pauses 

 which occur in a simple sentence ; the 

 semicolon and the colon divide a com- 

 pound sentence into the members which 

 compose it ; and the period is placed at 

 the end of a sentence, to denote that it is 

 complete, and unconnected with that 

 which follows. 



In a simple sentence, when two or 

 more words of the same sort, or belong- 

 ing to the same part of speech, occur, 





