Vlll CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER III. 



STEM- AND TOP-GROWTH, APPENDAGES, AND CIRCULATION. 

 SECTION PAGH 



22. Stein-growth " 20 



23. General Classes of Stems.... 21 



24. Heart- wood and Sap-wood 22 



25. Proper Height of Fruit-tree Stems 22 



26. Stem-protection 23 



27. Proper Mode of Branching 23 



28. Leaf- and Fruit-buds 24 



29. Adventitious and Lateral Buds 27 



30. The Leaf 27 



31. Sap and its Movements 28 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE FLOWERS AND FRUITS. 



32. Parts of the Flower 32 



33. Inferior and Superior Flowers w 33 



34. Mouo3cious and Dioscious Flowers 34 



35. Perfect and Imperfect Flowers 35 



36. Cross-pollination . 35 



37. Nutrition of the Fruit Blossom 35 



38. Long-blossoming Period 36 



39. Possible Flower Production 36 



40. The Fruit and its Maturation 37 



41. Air-drainage 37 



42. Fruit Soils 38 



43. Fruits as Modified by Climate 38 



CHAPTER V. 



MODES AND PRINCIPLES OF PROPAGATION. 



44. Some Preliminary Considerations 40 



45. Root-grafting in Europe 40 



46. Some European Criticism 41 



47. Commercial Stocks 42 



48. Propagation by Seeds 43 



49. Propagation by Suckers 43 



50. Propagation by Root-cuttings 44 



