THE APPLE, PEAR, AND QUINCE. 165 



seedlings grown on the virgin soils of the prairies. As 

 this class of land has become scarcer in Illinois and Iowa, 

 the business has mainly receded westward, and now the 

 main supply is grown in Kansas and Nebraska. Where 

 grown on older land, the best grade of seedlings is 

 developed on newly broken sod-land, or following a rotation 

 of clover or other legumes. When grown on old land with 

 ;i short supply of humus the seedlings do not attain the 

 needed size for root-grafting when one year old, and the 

 cell-structure of the roots does not develop as perfectly as 

 when grown on new land. 



The seed used commercially is largely washed from the 

 pomace thrown out from the cider-presses in apple-grow- 

 ing centres. As the apples used includes the bruised 

 .specimens and windfalls of the large-sized commercial 

 varieties that develop weak seeds (4) this plan of saving 

 seed cannot be commended for reasons given in section 

 (71). The handling of the seedlings for winter-grafting 

 is given in section (81) and propagation by budding and 

 grafting are given in the same chapter. 



170. Apple-planting and Management. The planting 

 and management of the orchard fruits have many common 

 modes, methods, and principles in all climates. In 

 Chapters VIII, IX, and X the leading essentials and 

 principles of orchard management are given, and spraying 

 is discussed in Chapter XII, The Tablo of Contents on 

 the first pages refers to the varied sections. As examples : 

 Selection of soil and slope, 96 and 97; orchard shelter, 

 !)9; washing of hill soils, 101; spacing and transplanting, 

 113; alternating varieties in the rows, 122; culture, 125; 

 cover-crops, 127; pruning, 143; and spraying (Chapter 

 XII). 



171. Varied Season and Behavior of Varieties. As 

 grown on varied soils, altitudes, and with varied heat and 



