144 HOKTICULTURAL MANUAL. 



wash it all off; long before the fruit reaches maturity the 

 last vestige is gone. I showered three thousand trees, 

 when the most advanced worms were about full size; one 

 application killed every one of them, and I have not seen 

 a worm in the orchard since. I tried a solution of con- 

 centrated lye; the worms were soon on the ground, but 

 they were soon on full diet in the trees again. The 

 arsenic dodge they can't stand ; in thirty-six hours every 

 one turns black, and their bodies break like a pipe-stem.'' 



It so happens that the season most favorable for killing 

 the canker-worm is the most favorable for spraying for the 

 codling-moth. Hence in spraying for canker-worm he 

 met with the first great success in destroying the codling- 

 moth. He marketed carloads of apples in Minneapolis in 

 1878 entirely free from worms or worm-holes. John 

 Smith, an extensive orchardist at Des Moines, and A. E. 

 Whitney, of Franklin Grove, Illinois, made the same dis- 

 covery in fighting the canker-worm, and Mr. J. S. Wood- 

 ward, of Lockport, New York, also made the discovery in 

 regard to the destruction of the codling-moth when spray- 

 ing for canker-worm. 



The florists were far in advance of orchardists in the 

 use of insecticides, such as whale-oil soap, potash, pyreth- 

 rum, kerosene, buhach, tobacco infusions, and hot water 

 for insect destruction. The use of kerosene emulsion and 

 pure kerosene and raw petroleum in orchards is not new, 

 especially the emulsion for the sucking and scale insects. 

 It was first used by the florists, and for fighting the cur- 

 rant worm in 1868 and 1870, but its commercial use began 

 with orange-growers in Florida and California as late as 

 1882. But it was not until 1886 that the formula for scale 

 as now used was generally recommended. Kerosene and 

 raw petroleum were used on house-plants and greenhouse- 

 plants, and on the wounds made by cutting off plum 



