THE AMERICAN GRAPES. 245 



training is practised in large vineyards. Three wires are 

 used for the trellis, with the lower wire usually twenty 

 inches above the ground. The renewal head is started on 

 a tree-like stem at or near the lower wire, as shown in 

 Fig. 73. It will be noticed that dd in the illustration are 

 wood of the preceding year's growth which may be called 

 long spurs of bearing wood of the preceding year's 

 growth. It will also be observed that spurs for fruit- 

 bearing are left on the short arms g and 5. After growth 



FIG. 73. High renewal plan, vine pruned. 



starts the fruit will form on the young shoots on the lower 

 wire and between the lower and second wire. As growth 

 extends from dd and the arms, it is tied to the upper 

 wires. 



At the next pruning the long spurs dd are cut away and 

 their places are taken by other long shoots that have grown 

 up from the arms. 



Those who have some experience will realize at once that 

 with this high renewal system no two vines will permit the 

 formation of arms or stubs in the same position. The 

 main essentials are the retaining of arms or stubs capable 

 of starting new growth, and the annual renewal of the 

 long spurs dd. 



