THE VEGETABLE AND SMALL-FRUIT GABDEX. 



379 



these interstices next the atmosphere, we shall prevent the 

 water passing off by evaporation." 



When the plants are young, hand and horse cultivators 

 are used that throw very little dirt sidewise. These, such 

 as the Planet Junior, can be run very close to the plants 

 (Fig. 102). The different classes of horse hoes are mainly 

 for use later in the season, in corn, potatoes, and other 

 coarser crops in rows wide enough apart for horse culture. 



The hand cultivators of which there are many good 

 patterns are mainly used in commercial gardens between 

 rows of beets, lettuce, onions, bush-beans, and other small 

 growers planted only sixteen to eighteen inches apart, as 

 illustrated in Fig. 103, which shows the use of attach- 



FIG. 103. Hand cultivators with shovels to open and close fur- 

 rows. ( After Green. ) 



ment shovels for both opening a furrow between narrow 

 rows and then, by going a second time over the rows, 

 closing and leveling the furrow. 



The hand cultivators are also used to great advantage 

 in small gardens in city lots, where a horse cannot be used 

 to advantage. But in farm and suburban-lot gardens, 

 where horse cultiire can be used, they do not pay. 



