KENTS, PROFITS, AND WAGES. 85 



according to the basis of calculation already adopted, 

 making them as follows : 



England, , . . . 60 francs, or 20s. 



Lowlands of Scotland and Wales, . 30 10s. 



Highlands of Scotland, . . 2.40 lOd. 



Three-fourths of Ireland, . . 40 13s. 



North-west of Ireland, . . 15 5s. 



General average, 40 francs, or 13s. per acre. 



In France, in the department of the Nord, rent attains 

 an average of 100 francs per hectare, making it equal, 

 and even superior, to the best English counties. In the 

 departments adjoining, it still amounts to 80 francs, from 

 'which it gradually declines until we reach the departments 

 of Lozere, and of the Higher and Lower Alps, where it falls 

 to 1 francs. In the island of Corsica, like the Highlands 

 of Scotland, it does not exceed 3 francs. 



In the second place, as to the farmer's profit. This, in 

 England, is usually estimated at half the rent, say 25 

 francs per hectare for the whole of the United Kingdom ; 

 or in reduced value, 20 francs. This sum divides itself 

 into two parts, the return upon capital employed, and the 

 profit properly so called, or remuneration for agricultural 

 skill. The return for capital being reckoned at 5 per cent, 

 the portion for profit should be the same, which makes the 

 return upon capital employed 10 per cent. The average 

 working capital for the three kingdoms should therefore 

 be 250 francs per hectare, or 200 francs (65s. per acre) in 

 reduced value. As this capital belongs almost entirely to 

 the farmers, it is they who get nearly the whole of this 

 portion of the gross production. In England proper, the 

 average income of the farmers may be 40 francs per 

 hectare (13s. per acre), implying a working capital of 

 400 francs, or 320 in reduced value. 



In France the corresponding profit amounts at most 

 to 1 francs per hectare ; that is to say, half the United 



