MARKETS. 163 



will pay dear enough for its bread the transition takes 

 place even in France. It has already taken place every- 

 where in England, because the working classes earn suffi- 

 cient to pay for white bread. 



The employment of horses in place of cattle, the use 

 of machinery to economise manual labour, are all owing 

 to this. The grand economical principle of division of 

 labour is practised under every form. The farmer with 

 no market for his produce seeks, above all, to curtail his 

 expenses, because he lacks the means of replenishing his 

 purse ; the farmer who is sure of a good market does not 

 shrink from useful expenditure. 



The owner of property in this respect is no better off 

 than the farmer. Where small property is found to be 

 unremunerative, the absence of a market is chiefly the 

 cause. A man with a small capital has no inducement to 

 become farmer, when the chance of profit is small and 

 uncertain. His object also is to live so that the least 

 possible demand may be made upon his purse ; and 

 what better method of securing his subsistence, when 

 opportunities of interchange are wanting, than to invest 

 his little all in a piece of land and to work it himself ? 

 It was so in England before the great markets were 

 opened. The yeoman did not find it profitable to turn 

 farmer until the great industrial movement took place. 

 Arthur Young was the theorist, not the actual promoter 

 of this revolution : it was Watt and Arkwright who 

 effected it. 



The same causes which enhance profits raise rents. 

 We have, to a certain extent, seen this to be the case, 

 when, in the reign of Louis XVL, trade in agricultural 

 produce became free. We have seen rents rise gradually 

 from 3 francs per hectare to 30 francs, according as in- 

 dustrial and commercial wealth progressed. We see it at 



