SCOTLAND. 299 



government ; and it was not until after the battle of 

 Culloden that her eyes began to be opened. A higher 

 sentiment rapidly succeeded, so that fifty years later no 

 part of Great Britain was more attached to the House of 

 Hanover, the personification of modern liberty. The 

 Scotch, so long faithful to their patriarchal traditions, 

 now found themselves all at once brought into contact 

 with English customs and laws, so highly favourable to 

 individual independence and order. From the first they 

 went even greater lengths than England. It may be said 

 that Scotland, in a political point of view, is an improved 

 edition of England. 



In no part of Europe is the machinery of government 

 more simple ; its parallel is perhaps to be found only in 

 America. The system of central administration, so much 

 vaunted, and which in France levies a contribution upon 

 three-fourths for the benefit of the other fourth, and 

 denies all personal or local interference, is there quite 

 unknown. The public functionaries are few in number, 

 and for the most part unsalaried. None of the abuses 

 which custom has sanctioned in England have been set 

 up there. The English Church establishment, which costs 

 the rest of the United Kingdom eight millions sterling 

 of tithes, does not extend to Scotland ; parish and county 

 rates have been limited to strict necessities ; the poor- 

 rate, recently introduced, has not fallen very heavily ; 

 in one word, direct taxation of all kinds upon the soil 

 scarcely exceeds 6d., while it amounts in England to 8s. 

 per acre. Even the income-tax is not very rigorously 



doubtedly Scotland, in many seasons, exports a considerable quantity of wheat to 

 England, and, in a manufactured state chiefly, a large quantity also of oats and 

 barley ; but there is, at the same time, an interchange of wheat as well as barley 

 to some amount in ordinary years ; and it is not thought, upon the whole, that 

 Scotland generally grows more than is sufficient for its own requirements if 

 indeed even so much. J. D. 



