THE LOWLANDS. 309 



forage crops are cultivated for the winter food of these 

 animals ; during summer they are turned out upon the 

 pastures. 



The primitive race of Galloway cattle is small, without 

 horns, very hardy, and affording meat of the best descrip- 

 tion. An export of these excellent cattle began at the 

 time of the union of the two kingdoms, and this has 

 been increasing for the last 150 years; but a change, 

 similar to that already noticed in districts of the same 

 kind in England, has been going on for some time. The 

 Galloway farmers had confined themselves to the rearing 

 of stock, which they sold at two or three years old, and 

 which were sent chiefly to Norfolk to be fattened. But 

 since railroads have established more direct communica- 

 tion with the markets of consumption, the pastures, by 

 drainage and other means, have been improved, and 

 winter food has been increased by means of special crops, 

 so that cattle are now fattened on the spot. The short- 

 horned breed, which almost never fails where skill and 

 the means of fattening are combined with care in the 

 breeding, is being rapidly propagated, and tends to take 

 the place of, or at least seriously to interfere with, the 

 native breed. The quality of the meat will not be im- 

 proved, but the quantity, to which more importance is 

 attached, will be considerably increased. Another occu- 

 pation, that of dairy-farming, is on the increase in Gal- 

 loway, where hitherto, notwithstanding the proximity 

 of Ayrshire, it was little known. The farm of Baldoon, 

 under Mr Caird, author of the Letters upon English 

 Agriculture, is especially worthy of notice, and offers 

 one of the best models of a well-managed dairy of one 

 hundred cows. 



At the end of the last century, Ayrshire, which 

 borders on Galloway, was still in a most deplorable con- 



