STATE OF WARFARE. 363 



parent among the Norman barons, who would not reside 

 upon their Irish grants. Their adopted country was Eng- 

 land, and there they leagued themselves around their chief 

 for mutual protection. After them, every renewed attempt 

 of England to subdue Ireland was followed by a new 

 importation of English and Scotch proprietors, who came 

 always with the same object namely, to spoil the inhabi- 

 tants, and to make as much out of the land as possible, 

 but not to take up their abode upon it. During Eliza- 

 beth's reign, six hundred thousand acres were thus dis- 

 tributed ; under James I., six entire counties were con- 

 fiscated and partitioned out : one was altogether made 

 over to the corporations of London, and is still held by 

 them, whence its name Londonderry. In the reign of 

 Charles I., all Connaught was declared the property of 

 the Crown. Under Cromwell the same system of appro- 

 priation was applied to the other three provinces, and 

 there was even a proposal to sell all the Irish lands to the 

 Jews. The finishing -stroke to this work was under 

 Charles II. and William III. Every government of 

 England under absolute monarchy the Tudors and 

 Stuarts, the Commonwealth, the Kestoration and Consti- 

 tutional monarchies, all had the same idea with respect 

 to Ireland namely, to prevent the Irish holding land 

 in their own country. 



Almost all property is derived from conquest, but in 

 time it gradually loses that character. The residence of 

 the conquerors among the conquered people at length 

 brings about a mixture of races and conformity of inte- 

 rests ; but in Ireland, opposition remained as lively as at 

 first. A new element religion had traced one of those 

 indelible lines of demarcation between the conquerors 

 and the conquered which keeps up a lasting hatred. 

 England, after she adopted Protestantism, wished to 



