26 THE SCIENCE OF POWER 



this hitherto illegal demand for the closed shop has 

 been accompanied for years by riots, outrages, and 

 bloodshed, which have deeply disturbed the public 

 mind of a continent. At the other end of the scale 

 the struggle is represented in Great Britain by the 

 example of the cotton trade, where in the most 

 highly organized industry in the world the principle 

 of the closed shop is to be seen emerging at last as 

 a successfully established objective of labour. The 

 world has, indeed, actually witnessed in recent 

 times the operatives of this industry, having 

 successfully insisted in the full daylight of legality 

 that capital shall employ no workers who are not 

 members of their union, proceeding completely to 

 hold up the premier manufacturing industry of 

 civilization for such a period as the exigencies of 

 their warfare demanded. 



The interval between these two stages in securing 

 this, the cardinal position of the labour movement 

 in the West, has represented a large part of the 

 internal history of the leading nations of the world 

 for a generation. The struggle has been in progress 

 throughout Europe and America. It has furnished 

 the principal events for a considerable period in the 

 politics of countries like Australia and New Zea- 

 land. And it has everywhere presented the same 

 features of a universal struggle in which a movement 



