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CALIFORNIA FRUITS: HOW TO GROW THEM 



only one long iron loop on the swell of the name. The tug is 

 passed around the hame and the end is brought through the iron 

 loop from the under side, so that the draft will hold the tug tight 

 between the collar and the hame and the end between the iron 

 staple and the pulling part of the trace. A spreader is put between 

 the tugs ; it is made of a hard-wood stick sixteen to eighteen inches 

 long; a hole is bored in each end large enough for a two-inch screw, 

 a hole punched in each trace about twelve inches from the rear end, 

 and the tugs are screwed to the ends of the spreader, and the ends 

 of the tugs attached to the plow clevis. This gives no iron or 

 wooden surfaces at all, either on harness or whiffletree, to strike 

 the bark. 



Improved Singletrees. Later than these came the orchard and 

 vineyard singletrees, invented and patented by Californians, which 

 are widely used and sold in all stores in the fruit growing districts. 



Dispensing with Doubletrees. Still other inventions which 

 admit the use of two horses even close up to the trees, because 

 they dispense entirely with whiffletrees and tugs, are known as the 

 steel harness, Eastern inventions, which have secured the approval 

 of some of our leading growers for use in orchard and vineyard. 

 The plow is attached to the steel yoke by a chain running between 

 the horses. With them it is possible to work quite close to the 

 trees and vines, and is especially desirable in the vineyard in 

 working close to the vines when they have grown out about two 

 feet, which is a difficult job with the old-style harness. 



SUMMER TREATMENT OF PLOWED ORCHARD AND 



VINEYARD 



Where the orchard or vineyard is plowed twice during the 

 winter, the land should remain after the first plowing as the plow 

 leaves it. The moistening and aeration during the winter have a 

 good effect upon the soil both chemically and mechanically. 



If but one plowing is done, when the chief rains are supposed 

 to be over, there must be full effort put forth to reduce the soil to 

 good tilth, and to level the surface as much as possible. This is 

 done by harrowing with one of the several improved harrows which 

 are now generally introduced and found very effective. They act 

 in cultivating, clod crushing, and leveling, in a most satisfactory 

 manner. They are too well known to need description. Each 

 has its advocates and its adaptations to certain soils. As with 

 plows, so with harrows and cultivators, the best for one soil may 

 not be the best for another, and local inquiry among experienced 

 fruit growers will be the best guide for the newcomer. In addi- 

 tion to the excellent implements brought from the eastern States, 



