348 



CALIFORNIA FRUITS: HOW TO GROW THEM 



Planting in rows is also adopted to some extent. Such planta- 

 tions are made with the vines seven by ten or eight by ten feet, 

 four and one-half by eleven feet, etc. There is great variation 

 in the distances. Some advantages of the row system are as 

 follows: Greater space to spread trays for raisin curing; plow- 

 ing can be done with double team and larger plows ; the brush 

 can be gathered and burned between the rows instead of carry- 

 ing it to the avenues ; sulphur and materials for spraying can be 

 brought in by team to any part of the vineyard ; empty boxes can 

 be distributed and filled ones gathered up without carrying, etc. 

 Planting in rows recommends itself not only for planting new 

 vineyards, but also for changing old vineyards from seven by 

 seven feet to three and one-half by fourteen feet, or from eight 

 by eight feet to four by sixteen feet, giving opportunity to change 

 from a vinifera-root vineyard to a resistant-root vineyard. This 

 can be accomplished by planting resistant roots in the alternate 

 rows to be preserved, right between the two old vines. 



Number of Vines to the Acre. However the vines be set, it 

 is very easy to calculate the number of vines which an acre will 

 accommodate. Multiply the distance in feet between the rows 

 by the distance the plants are apart in the rows, and the product 

 will be the number of square feet for each plant, which, divided 

 into the number of feet in an acre (forty-three thousand five hun- 

 dred and sixty), will give the number of plants to the acre. 



Avenues in the Vineyard. For convenience of access with 

 team and wagon there should always be avenues through the 

 vineyard. They are usually arranged so as to cut up the vine- 

 yard into blocks about twice as long as broad, if the vineyard 

 be on level land. Of course, on hilly lands the avenues should 

 be located for ease of hauling. The avenue is made by leaving 

 out a row of vines, and, therefore, the exact size of the block 

 will depend upon the distance between the rows. Some advise 

 having not more than forty vines between the avenues. Plant- 

 ing in rows, with wide spaces between the rows, renders few ave- 

 nues necessary. 



PLANTING CUTTINGS AND ROOTED VINES 



Various means are used for planting cuttings. An essential 

 condition to successful growth is to have the lower part of the 

 cutting well embedded in the soil, as it will not root unless in 

 close contact with the earth. To lack of care in this regard most 

 failures are due, and for lack of surety that such contact is made 

 the various contrivances for speedy planting, such as the plant- 

 ing bar, are widely condemned ; an excavation of the hole and 



