Rulingia 



( 296 ) 



Bust 



Soil, two-thirds loam, one-third pent, with sand. 

 Lobata, 6', and variabilis, KX, May, are the only 

 two of the five known species introduced. 



RULINGIA. 



Greenhouse shrubs (pro,: Sterculiacese). Propa- 

 gation, by cuttings o half-ripe side shoots in sand 

 under a bell-glass, in summer, in gentle heat. Soil, 

 two-thirds fibrous loam, and one-third peat and 

 leaf mould, with sand. 



Principal Species : 

 hermanniarfolia, 2' to 4', phylla, Commersonia 



Jy., wh. (syns. Bytt- dasyphylla, and Lasio- 



neria hermanuitef olia petalum tomeutosum). 



and Lasiopetalum du- parvittora, 1' to 2', A])., 



raosum). wh. (xyns. corylifulia 



paunosa, 2' to 3', Je., wh. and Lasiopetalum pros- 



(syns. Byttneria dasy- tratum). 



RUMEX. 



A large genus, mostly of troublesome weeds 

 {ord. Polygonaceae), but those mentioned below are 

 more or less grown as potherbs. The roots of 

 alpinus were formerly used for medicinal purposes, 

 and although an exotic it is naturalised in the North 

 of England and iu Scotland. Propagation, by 

 seeds in spring and by division in autumn or early 

 spring. Any ordinary garden soil. Hydrolapathum 

 is a handsome aquatic. 



Principal Species : 

 Acetosa, 1' to 3', sum., Patientia, 4', sum., gni. 



grn. Common or Gar- Herb Patience. 



den Sorrel. scutatus, 1J' to 2', sum., 



alpinus, 2' to 4', sum., grn. French or Roman 



grn. Monk's Rhubarb. Sorrel, Ivs. very acid. 



Hydrolapathum, 4' to 6', 



sum., grn. 



RUSCUS. (BUTCHER'S BBOOM.) 

 Hardy, evergreen, leafless shrubs (ord. Liliacese), 

 with flattened, leaf-like branches and small, green 

 flowers. They are useful as an undergrowth to 

 larger shrubs, or for growing on the rockery. 

 Aculeatus, the most ornamental of the true species 

 of Ruscus, is British, and may be grown either in 

 the open or under the shade of large deciduous 

 trees. When the berries ripen they are very 

 handsome, but to ensure this, care must be taken to 

 have male and female plants in propinquity. Propa- 

 gation, by seeds, and by suckers or division of the 

 clumps. Any well-drained garden soil. 



Principal Species and Varieties : 

 aculeatus, 1' to 3', My., Hypophyllum, 1', Je., 

 grn. (pyn. flexuosus). grn. (.//.. lugubris and 

 Butcher's Broom. Lax- microglossus). 



us and rotundii'olius are - trifoliatus, 2', grn.; 

 vars. larger growing, 



androgynus {see Semele latifolius (see Semele 



androgyna) . androgyna) . 



Hypoglossum, 1', My., racemosus, 2' to 4', Ap., 

 pale yel. (sytix. Hypo- greenish yel. (now 



phyllum Hypoglos- Danaea Laurus). Alex- 



sum), audrian Laurel. 



RUSSELIA. 



Stove sub-shrubs (ord. ScrophularineEe), with 

 slender, evergreen, drooping stems, and small 



Rupala (see limipala). 



limit {gee Junciis). 



Bush Broom (see Viminaria and Spartium jun- 



ceum). 



Ifiis/i Fern (sec ScMzaa). 

 2tuth, Flowering (see Biitomus). 

 Rush Lily (see 'SuyrincMion and Aplnjllantliefs). 



leaves, often reduced to scales. They are closely 

 allied to Pentstemon. Propagation, by cuttings in 

 sand in heat, and by suckers. The pendulous shoots 

 root quickly when in contact with damp soil. Soil, 

 mellow, fibrous loam, with a third of peat and leaf 

 soil, and a good sprinkling of sand. They are 

 beautiful subjects for baskets. 



Principal Species : 



sarmentosa, 3' to 4', 

 Jy. (.<.?/,. americana, 

 flammea, multiflora, 

 paniculate, polyhedra, 

 syringtefolia, and temi- 

 folia). 



floribuuda (see rotuudi- 



folia). 



juncea, 2' to 3', Jy. 

 multiflora (see sarmeii- 



tosa). 

 rotundifolia, 4', Je. (\'/". 



floribunda). 



RUST. 



Description. As applied to the berries of Vines, 

 rust is an injury of the skin rather than a disease. 

 Various explanations of the phenomenon have been 

 given, but the best authorities are agreed that the 

 rusty or brown colour is the result of an injury to 

 the surface of the berries while very young and 

 tender. As the berries grow, the injured portions 

 of the skin harden and become discoloured, thus 

 disfiguring the Grapes when mature. White- 

 skinned berries show the rust more conspicuously 

 than black ones ; and some varieties, such as 

 Jlrs. Pearson, are more liable to it than others. 



Prevention and Remedy. When once the berries 

 have become discoloured there is no remedy beyond 

 cutting out the injured berries, or the worst of 

 them, so as to improve the appearance of the 

 remainder. When the berries are being thinned, 

 care should be taken to avoid touching them with 

 the hands, the hair of the head, or even with the 

 scissors. Other likely causes are checks to growth 

 by a sudden fall in the temperature of the house, 

 or by cold draughts playing upon the berries at 

 this critical period of their growth. It is sig- 

 nificant that rust is usually most prevalent in early 

 houses where much artificial heat is used at a time 

 when great fluctuations of and low temperatures 

 outside are prevalent. Avoid over-heating of hot- 

 water pipes, and use the syringe freely to keep 

 down red spider rather than resort to the sulphur- 

 ing of the pipes at this stage of growth. 



Other Kinds of Eust. Modern gardeners apply 

 the term "rust" to the Uredo stage of various 

 fungi parasitic on cultivated plants, the term 

 referring to the rusty or orange colour of the 

 spores. The rust of wheat is Puccinia Graminis, 

 the Puccinia being the last stage of the life cycle, 

 bearing black or brown spores, termed telenlo- 

 spores, which are one- to two-celled in P. Graminis, 

 thick-skinned, and hibernate till spring. The rust 

 of Roses is Phragmidium mucronatum, or Hat's tail 

 fungus, from the fact that the teleutospore is many- 

 celled and ends in a point. The final stage of 

 many species of rust is unknown, so that the Uredo- 

 spore or rust stage is the more conspicuous, as it is 

 the more known, upon cultivated plants. As the 

 older botanists looked upon Uredo as a distinct 

 genus of fungi, many species are recorded under 

 that name, upon the Primrose, Bean, Mint, Willow, 

 Rose, Bramble, Flax, Saxifrage, Campanula, Pyrola, 

 Cerastium, Petasites, Poplar, and other garden 

 plants. One of the most serious invasions is that 

 of Chrysanthemum Rust {see Puccinia Hieracii). 

 The Cluster Cup (JEciclium) is an earlier stage than 

 Uredo, and many garden plants, including the 

 leaves and fruit of the Gooseberry, are affected ; 

 also the Carnation by Uredo Dianthi and Helmin- 



