Saperda 



306 ) 



Sarcanthus 



readily, as the gardener phrases it, and the promi- 

 nent activity of the roots to keep pace with the 

 demands made by the leaves. The regular, constant 

 sap flow is too often forgotten in the observance 

 paid to these periods. The free passage of water 

 from the leaves (transpiration), which causes a 

 movement of the crude sap upwards to supply what 

 has been lost, has also to be reckoned with. 

 The route taken by the ascending sap is through 

 the wood. In many plants it is only the younger 

 layers of wood next the cambium, i.e. the sapwood 

 or alburnum, through which the fluid passes. In 

 other cases, as in the Beech, the whole thickness 

 of wood continues to serve as a waterway, and this 

 perhaps until the tree is over 100 years old. 

 The woody fibres, however, do not help in the 

 conduction of water. The descending, or elaborated, 

 sap follows two main routes: (1) through the 

 cellular tissues of the bark, for the dissolved starch 

 and similar compounds, and (2) by the soft bast, 

 for the protoplasmic substances. The practical 

 result of this is that if a ring of bark (inner and 

 outer) be removed, the supply of nourishment to 

 the parts below the wound is cut off. Even if a 

 stout wire ring be bound lightly round a stem, the 

 progress of the elaborated sap is greatly impeded, 

 and there is always a thickened border of tissue 

 above. This obstruction of the descending sap 

 is the principle underlying the common garden 

 operations of ringing and layering, the formation of 

 roots immediately above the wound being the result. 

 It also explains why, if the " tongue " in a Carna- 

 tion layer be allowed to close, no roots are formed. 

 The periods of the greatest activity of the cambium, 

 or zone of formative tissue, are taken advantage of 

 by the gardener for grafting and budding, the 

 former at the spring and the latter at the late 

 summer flow. Amongst the substances dissolved 

 in the cell sap are such carbo-hydrates as sugar 

 and starch, tannin, citric and malic acids, mineral 

 salts in variety, and a number of colouring agents 

 to flowers and such leaves as those of Dracajnas 

 and Crotons. 



SAPERDA. 



A large genus of beetles, with long antenna; and 

 narrow bodies. They are mostly black in colour, 

 and vary from $" to lj" in length. The most 

 destructive are those attacking Poplars and 

 Willows, causing gouty swellings on the branches. 

 Cutting of the shoots is the only remedy. 



SAPINDUS. 



A large genus (nrd. Sapindacea;) of stove trees 

 of botanical interest only. Saponaria, the Soap 

 Berry, furnishes a kind of soap in America. 



SAPONARIA. (SoAPwoRT. FULLER'S 

 HERB.) 



A genus of about thirty hardy or half-hardy 

 annual or perennial herbs (ord. Caryophylleas), of 

 which only a few are desirable for the border or 

 rock garden. Calabrica is most useful for beds, 

 groups, or lines, while the forms of ocymoides, 

 which like partial shade, are good rockery plants. 

 The usefulness of the double form of officinalis, 

 which resembles a Lychnis, is decreased by the 

 running habit of the plant, which makes it trouble- 

 some in a mixed border. Propagation, the annuals 

 by seeds, sown as recommended for hardy annuals, 



Sapindux Danura (NeplieUum rerticillatmn). 

 Sapod'illa mid Sapntiliti Plum (Sapota AcTiras). 



which sec; the perennials by seeds, cuttings, or 

 division. Soil, common soil for the greater 

 number, but the Alpines should have loam, peat, 

 and sand, with a little leaf soil in. the absence of 

 peat. Guard ctespitosa against slugs. 



Principal Species and Varieties : 

 oalabrioa, 6" to 12", Aug., officiualis, 1' to 3', Aug., 



hdy. ann., ro. hdy. per., pk. or wh. 



--- tilliii, wh. Soapwort, Bouncim' 



ocymoides. sum., hdy. Bet, etc. 



per. trailer, rosy pur. - flore pleno, double 



Bock Soapwort. flowers. 



splendens, deep ro. hybrida, pk. 



splendidissimus, bright- 

 er hue, fleshy habit. 

 Other Species : 



bellidifolia, 9", Je. , hdy. lutea, C", Jo., hdy. per , 



per., pale yel. yel. 



ctespitosu, 0", Jy., hdy. oriental!*, 2', sum, lidv. 



Alpine per., ro " bien.. j.k. 



cerastioides, Je., hlf-hdy. pulvinaris, '2", My., lidv. 



per., wh., ro. prr., ro. 



glutinosa, H', Je., hdy. Vaccaria, 1' to >', Jr., 



bien., red. aim., red. Cow Herb. 



SAPROPHYTE. 



A plant which grows upon decaying animal or 

 vegetable matter. Thus many Fungi are Sapro- 

 phytes (see also FUNGI), the 'common ilu>hrncmi 

 being a familiar example. 



SARACA (.tyn. JOXESIA; 



A small genus (ord. Leguminosa 1 ) of stove trees 

 and climbing shrubs. Culture as for BROWNI.V 

 which sre. 



Principal Species : 



declinata, yel., or,. Ivs. 

 red when young (*//". 

 iiicliuata). 



indica, sum., or. (*.'/. 

 /:<,- 



Joneda Asoca of 



tin/ icul 3fag:ine 30 IX). 



SARACHA ("//".<. BKM.IMA and JAI.TO- 



MATA). 



A few species of greenhouse or hardy herbs (ord. 

 Solanaceic) of comparatively little garden value. 

 Propagation, by seeds, sown outdoors, in spring, in 

 the places where the plants are to flower. Anv 

 garden soil. 



Principal Species : 



stapelioides, H', su 

 hlf-hdy. aim., y 

 blotched reddish bi 



mulii'llata, 2' to 4', sum., 

 lilt'-hdy. ami., gru., 

 wh. 



SARCANTHUS. 



Stove epiphytal Orchids (ord. Orchidacere). They 

 are, for the most part, primarily of botanical 

 interest. Propagation, by division and imported 

 pieces. Soil, fibrous peat three parts, sphagnum. 

 chopped, one part, with a little sharp silver sand 

 and a few pieces of charcoal, in Teak baskets hung 

 close to the roof. 



Principal Species : 



[NOTE. s. = sepals, p. = petals, I. = lip.] 

 appendiculatus, 1' to 2', s. and. p. yel., striped 



spr., yel., striped red- reddish br., 1. wh. , rosy 



dish br. pur. 



eriuaceus, 4" to 6", sum., pugioniformis, 9", yel., 



wh., 1. ro. (stills. Aerides red. 



dasypogoii and A. teretifolius, s. and p. yel., 



rubrum). grn., lined red, I. wh. 



filiformis, s. and p. choco- (./. Vanda temtifolia) 



late br., 1. yel., pk. Wiliiamsoni, amethyst, 



insectifer, 6" to l.V, sum.. 



Sapotn (tiapota Aeliras). 



Sajipan \]'ood (Caaalpinia Sappan). 



