Stanleya 



( 359 ) 



Starch 



STANLEYA. 



A small genus of hardy perennial herbs (ord. 

 CruciferEe). Propagation, by seeds and division in 

 spring. Ordinary garden soil. 



Only Species Introduced : 



pinnatifida, '.V to 4', sum., yel. 



STAPELIA. (AFRICAN TOAD and CARUION 

 KLOWKII.) 



A genus of over sixty species of dwarf, Jcafless, 

 succulent stove and warm greenhouse plants from 

 South Africa (urd Asclepiadese). The flowers are 

 generally large, and of some shade of , livid purple 

 and yellow, and possess a foetid odour. Propaga- 

 tion, by cuttings in dry sand and broken bricks. 

 Soil, very sandy loam and crushed bricks. They 

 must be .accorded abundance of sun and a dry 

 atmosphere. (See also CACTUS for general cultural 

 details.) 



Principal Species and Varieties : 



Astorias, 0", sum., vio. , 



vol., pur., stems erect. 



Starfish Flower. 

 drsmrtiana, 3" to '.>' , 



iirn. . pur., red. 

 gfaantea, 6' , yellowish 



lir., reddish pur., very 



handsome, 

 graiuliflora, 1 . aut , )mr , 



hairs wh., bmnrlir, 



grey. 

 liueata, yel. linrs ;it 



!I;IM- of flower. 



maculosa, 1', sum., yel- 

 lowish pur., vi'ry foatiil. 



namaquensit), 3" to ,>", 

 bright yel., dark pur. 

 spots ; one of best. 



aoiinalis, 6", Aug. , yt 1 !. , 

 blood red. 



pedunculata, A , sum., 

 dark led (>//" Jn-vis). 



pulchella, light yel., pur., 

 hr. 



sororia, '>" to \(V, Jy., 

 pur., base or. yel. 



la'vis (see petluuculata). 



Other Species and Varieties : 

 barbuta (now lluernia olivacea, 3" to o", Son 



barbate). 



bufonis (see normalis). 

 enicii'ormis (see olivacea). 

 hirsuta, 6', sum., yel., 



vio., red. 

 mutabilis, 6", Jy. , green- 



pur., 



br. , olive gru 



very fo3tid. 

 Plantii, Nov., croopin 



yel., blk., pur. 

 pulvinata, aut,, vio. 



ish yel., pur. stripes. 

 STAPHYLEA. 



(BLADDER NUT TI;I:I:.) 



Hardy, ornamental, deciduous shrubs (urd. Sa- 

 pindiicete). Propagation, by cuttings of half-ripi: 

 shoots by layers in autumn, suckers, and seeds. 

 Soil, rich light loam. Colchica, Coulombieri, and 

 pinnata are excellent for forcing. 



Principal Species, Hybrids, and Varieties : 

 Bolauderi, sum., wh. 

 13iiiu:tlda, 0', Je. to Aug., 



wh. 

 colchica, 5', sum., wh. 



(si/n. Hooibrenckia for- 



mosa of gardens). 

 Coulombieri, 8', latesurn., 



wh. ; hybrid (pimiiita 



X colchiea), very free 

 flowering. 



elegans Hessei, probably a 

 hybrid (Coulorabieri X 

 pinnata), 



pinnata, 10', My., wh. 

 Job's Tears, St. An- 

 thony's Nut. 



trifolia, 10' to 12', My., 

 wh. 



STARCH. 



This carbohydrate, whose chemical formula, 

 like that of sugar, is C K H 20 O, , plays a very im- 

 portant part in the lives of "most plants. It usually 

 occurs, in the form of grannies, in cell contents ; 

 and in tubers like those of the Potato, and thickened 

 roots like those of the Beet and Carrot, it is stored 

 in considerable quantities, whence the value of 

 these vegetables for human food. Starch is formed, 

 in the living plant, in two ways: (1) in the chloro- 



StOf Apple (fir 



phyll granules of the leaves, under the influence of 

 sunlight, from the breaking up of carbonic acid 

 gas (CO 2 ) and water (H 3 O), and the rearrange- 

 ment of their constituent elements; and ('2) in the 

 roots and other parts excluded from the light, from 

 sugar, by the action of the leucoplastids. In such 

 organisms as fungi, which have no chlorophyll and 

 can make no starch, the necessary supply of starch 

 is obtained from other organisms, or their dead 

 remains, according as the fungus is parasitic or 

 sapropbytlc. To sum up, starch may be con- 

 sidered as a comparatively insoluble carbohydrate, 

 utilised by the plant for storing purposes. It may 

 be converted from sugar, and the sugar may be 



PliOio: 11. N. Foil, 



STATICE Suwoitowi (see p. 300). 



reconverted into starch by the action of diastase, a 

 ferment which is developed within the organism. 

 The insoluble starch is soluble as sugar, and may 

 then be readily conveyed to any part of the plant 

 requiring nourishment. The malting of Barley is 

 a familiar instance of this reconversion of starch, 



t'lmn-r (av 

 Star t'lorrer (see Aster, fiternbcrifiii. Tric-ntaMs, 



and lir nil i if a). 



Star <ira (Ali-tris farinona). 

 Star Head (see Nriiliiniui). 

 Star Jli/n/'iiilh (!! !<:-illa a-iiurna). 

 Star nf Jietlileheiu (see Or/iit/iiir/a/ii/ii umMltt- 



turn}. 



Ktar of Jerusalem (Trayfljwgonpr/itdixis). 

 Slur, Sin (Aster Tripoiiivm). 

 8tar Tltintle (Ccntnitren. ealritrapoido). 

 Sliirirnrt. Ilnl'in H ( . \ niellins Li/rttnitis). 

 Starmrrt. (nee After and Stelldria). 



