THE GRYLLIDM. 121 



2. Wings all membranous Sub-order 2. PSEUDONEUROPTERA. 

 . Wings, with few and simple veins, and thos? of the 



disc obsolete ; tarsi 4- jointed ; living in societies. Tribe 1. SOCIALIA. 



b. Wings with few and simple veins, all horny ; tarsi 



2- or 3-jointed ..... 2. CORRODENTIA. 



c. Wings reticulated : 



* Antennae long ; hind wings folded in repose . 3. PLECOPTERA. 



f Antennae short ; hind wings not folded in repose 4. SUBULICORNIA. 



B. Mouth resembling a rostrum ; mandibles bristle-like ; wings 



narrow and fringed ...... Sub-order 3. PHYSOPODA. 



II. No wings or metamorphoses ; Parasites .... 4. MALLOPHAGA. 



SUB-ORDER I. ORTHOPTERA GENUINA. 



This sub-order, as already stated, represents the order Orthoptera of the older entomologists. 

 The group is characterised by the texture of the wings, which are rarely wanting in the perfect 

 insects ; the fore wings being of a leathery consistence, and serving as a protective covering for the 

 hind wings when folded up, after the fashion of the elytra of Beetles ; and the hind wings, the sole or 

 principal organs of flight, showing a number of strong primary veins, which radiate from a central 

 point like the sticks of a fan, and between these generally a reticulation of finer veinlets. The head is 

 always of considerable size, and the parts of the mouth powerfully developed, the mandibles being 

 strong, and having their inner margins strongly toothed, and the maxillae large, and terminating in 

 two principal lobes, of which the outer one (galea) usually overtops the inner one. The maxillary 

 palpi consist of five, and the labial palpi of three joints. The eyes are usually large, and often 

 prominent ; the ocelli are frequently altogether wanting, but when present they are generally three 

 in number. In the development of the legs there is considerable diversity, these organs being some- 

 times long and slender, sometimes of moderate length and stouter; the fore legs are sometimes 

 converted into raptorial or fossorial organs, and the hindmost pair often form powerful leaping 

 limbs. At the end of the abdomen, in the females of many species, we find an ovipositor, and this 

 part is also most commonly furnished, in one or both sexes, with peculiar styles, or with longer, 

 jointed, tail-like organs, which are called cerci. 



These true Orthoptera may be readily divided into three tribes (see Table, p. 120), namely, the 

 Leapers, or SALTATORIA ; the Runners, or CURSORIA ; and the Earwigs, or EUPLEXOPTERA. 



TRIBE SALTATORIA. 



Contrary to the usual practice of entomologists, we have commenced with the Saltatorial 

 Orthoptera, our object in so doing being to bring as near together as possible in the middle of 

 the order the Cockroaches and White Ants, which are not only nearly related, and thus form the. 

 link between the two sub-orders Orthoptera and Pseudoneuroptera, but are also the most generalised 

 types round which the others group themselves. 



The most striking character of the present tribe namely, the adaptation of the hind legs to the 

 purpose of leaping has been already indicated ; they have also a large head, and a large, usually 

 saddle-shaped pronotum ; and the wings and elytra are generally well developed, frequently extending 

 far beyond the apex of the abdomen. The males of most of the species possess the faculty of 

 producing loud chirping sounds, but the means by which this is effected vary in the different 

 families. 



FAMILY I. GRYLLID^E. 



In this family, which includes the well-known Domestic Cricket and its allies, the general form 

 of the body is usually mere or less cylindrical; the head is large and prominent, with a pair of 

 elliptical eyes, and with or without ocelli ; the antennae are bristle-shaped ; and the organs of the 

 mouth powerful. In the latter the development of the outer lobe of the maxillae (galea) is variable. 

 In some forms the galea is so large as to cover the whole of the inner, or masticatory lobe ; in others 

 it is narrow, and merely accompanies the inner lobe. It is interesting to find these peculiarities 

 reflected in the corresponding anterior lobes of the labium. In the types with a large galea, 

 the outer labial lobes are so broad, that they nearly meet in the middle line, the two inner lobes 

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