PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 79 



investigations upon the Gulf Stream, and of the researches of 

 Count Pourtales into its fauna, which laid the foundations of mod- 

 ern deep-sea exploration. Others were the founding of the 

 Lawrence Scientific School, the Cincinnati Observatory, the 

 Yale Analytical Laboratory, the celebration of the Centennial 

 Jubilee of the American Philosophical Society in 1843, and the 

 enlargement of Silliman's " American Journal of Science." 



The Naval Astronomical Expedition was sent to Chili, under 

 Gibbon (1849), to make observations upon the parallax of the 

 sun. Lieut. Lynch was sent to Palestine (in 1848) at the head 

 of an expedition to explore the Jordan and the Dead Sea. 



Fremont conducted expeditions, in 1848, to explore the 

 Rocky Mountains and the territory beyond, and Stansbury, in 1 

 i849-'5o, a similar exploration of the valley of the Great Salt 

 Lake. David Dale Owen was heading a Government Geological 

 Survey in Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota (1848), and from all 

 of these came results of importance to science and to natural 

 history. 



In 1849, Prof. W. H. Harvey, of Dublin, visited America and 

 collected materials for his Nereis B or eali- Americana, which 

 was the foundation of our marine botany. 



Sir Charles Lyell, ex-President of the Geological Society 

 of London, visited the United States in 1841 and again in 184^, 

 and published two volumes of travels, which were, however, of 

 much less importance than the effects of his encouraging presence 

 upon the rising school of American geologists. His " Principles 

 of Geology," as has already been said, was an epoch-making 

 work, and he was to his generation almost what Darwin was to 

 the one which followed. 



Certain successes of our astronomers and physicists had a bear- 

 ing upon the progress of American science in all its departments, 

 which was., perhaps, even greater than their actual importance 

 would seem to warrant. These were the discovery, by the Bards 



