56 THE PROBLEM OF EVOLUTION 



or anthropoid apes. Ranke has stated these differ- 

 ences in an impartial and objective manner in his 

 work entitled Der Mensch (2 vols.). It is im- 

 possible to consider them all in detail here, and I 

 can mention only a few points. 



Walkhoff has examined the femoral bones of 

 man and of the ape, and declares that any Eontgen- 

 ray photograph of a frontal section of the bone, 

 or even of a part of it, would enable an expert to 

 decide at once whether it had belonged to a man 

 or to an ape. 1 The upright walk of a man requires 

 a totally different arrangement of the fibres of the 

 bones, from that which exists in an ape. The 

 upright walk, however, is connected with the forma- 

 tion of the cranium. The occipital foramen in man 

 occupies a different position from that which it 

 has in other vertebrates, because the relative 

 development of his cranium is much greater, and 

 it is greater particularly in the region of the brain, 

 and far exceeds the face in size. The reverse is 

 true of apes. And why ? Because man needs a 

 more complete development of the brain to serve 

 as the indirect instrument of his intellectual life. 

 On account of the height of his intellectual position, 

 his imagination and power of visualisation, which 

 are directly dependent upon the brain, must be far 

 more highly developed than they are in other animals, 



1 It would be very interesting to examine the femur of the Pithecan- 

 thropus by means of the Rb'ntgen rays, according to Walkhoff's method, in 

 order to determine whether the creature really walked upright or not. 



