120 THE PROBLEM OF EVOLUTION 



rises far superior to it, and reveals to us maternal 

 love in its purest form ; so that the idea becomes an 

 ennobling one that we, with our cultured human 

 souls, have ascended from the souls of beasts. 5 



It is not easy to follow Dr. Bolsche's second 

 argument, for it is altogether based upon that 

 uncritical system of judging beasts by the 

 standard of mankind, which Wilhelm Wundt 

 designates as ' Popular Psychology.' That the 

 physical impulses of animals occur also in men, 

 is a well-known fact, but it is a mistake to assume 

 that a beast possesses human reason and free- 

 will. The man who, instead of using his 

 higher intellectual capacities, abandons himself 

 to his bestial impulses, sinks, it is true, below 

 the level of the beasts, and his soul is indeed 

 more wretched than that of an animal. In 

 making this statement Dr. Bolsche has him- 

 self expressed a scathing condemnation of the 

 opinion which he put forward in his work 

 entitled Das Liebesleben in der Natur, regarding 

 the ethics of mankind. The morality of beasts, 

 if transferred to human beings, must inevitably 

 lead to their brutalisation, and there can be no 

 further reference to Ideals. 



Bolsche's assertion that the people in Krapina 

 were cannibals, is not accurate ; Dr. Hugo 

 Obermaier examined the remains of bones and 

 showed that it was a mistake to suppose that 



