GOOD TREES AND SHRUBS 205 



certain kinds, which is seen to advantage during winter. 

 Cornus alba, with red bark ; Salix alba vitellina and 5. a. cardi- 

 nalisj with golden and red bark respectively ; Rubus biflorus, R. 

 lasiostylus, and R. Giraldianus are conspicuous by reason of 

 their white bark ; Philadelphus Lemoinei has bright brown 

 bark ; Ltycesteriaformosa, green bark, and so on. 



Then the decorative value of various coloured-leaved trees 

 and shrubs needs consideration, for by the judicious grouping 

 of these kinds excellent effects are produced. Here the various 

 Japanese Maples show up strongly; and the purple Nuts, 

 Plums, and Berberis, the Silver Atriplex, Santolina, Acer Ne- 

 gundo, and Euonymus are as important as the golden-leaved 

 Catalpa, Golden Nut, Elderberries, and Euonymus ; whilst 

 numerous other plants of a like nature may be obtained. 



The popularity of the pergola has made it possible to 

 cultivate climbing plants to a greater extent than formerly, 

 and every garden may have its ornamental Vines, Clematises, 

 Climbing Brambles, Roses, and Honeysuckles. 



The forcing of trees and shrubs for greenhouse and con- 

 servatory decoration in spring has made rapid strides of late 

 years, and the cultivation 'of plants for this purpose alone 

 has become a very important business. Hence, in whichever 

 way one turns, one is confronted with the important part 

 played by trees and shrubs in the modern garden, and it will 

 be clearly recognised that the beginner in gardening must be 

 prepared to give the subject his keenest attention. 



Propagation. The propagation of hardy trees and shrubs 

 is work of great interest, yet it is not only much neglected 

 but imperfectly understood by amateurs. It is essential to 

 raise young plants constantly to replace those which become 

 unsightly, die out from old age, get too big for certain posi- 

 tions, or must be removed for some purpose. A knowledge 

 of the different methods of propagation is of great value. 

 Keen observation and great patience are necessary in one 

 who aspires to become a successful propagator. 



There are various ways by which the object referred to 

 can be attained, and the enthusiastic amateur should be 

 master at least of some of them. When he finds that it is 

 desirable to increase the stock of some choice kind, the im- 

 portance of knowing the proper season and the best means 

 of doing so cannot be overestimated. It is also pleasant to 

 raise one's own plants. 



The principal methods of increasing trees and shrubs 

 are (i) seeds, (2) cuttings, (3) budding, (4) grafting, (5) layer- 

 ing, and (6) root cuttings. 



