GOOD TREES AND SHRUBS 255 



feet high. It has no protection, and blooms freely every year." A 

 newer species, which is still rare, is R. trichocalyx. It closely resembles 

 Coultert, and needs the same treatment and soil. 



RubllS. The Bramble family is a very large one, and contains many 

 handsome garden plants in addition to the kinds such as Raspberry, 

 Blackberry, Loganberry, and Lowberry, which are grown for the sake 

 of their fruit. Some of the species have been in cultivation for a very 

 long period, but a great many have been introduced during the present 

 century. The latter are mostly of Chinese origin, and comprise plants 

 of trailing habit, others with long slender branches suitable for clothing 

 the pillars and crossbars of a pergola, and still others which grow into 

 bush form. The difference in the leafage is quite as remarkable as the 

 habit, whilst some are conspicuous by reason of their white bark. Like 

 the older kinds, they require good loamy soil which must be enriched 

 occasionally if the best results are desired. An annual pruning is neces- 

 sary, that being done as soon as the fruiting season is over. All old 

 branches are then cut away except in the few kinds which continue to 

 flower and fruit from young wood from the same old branches each year. 

 Good kinds to grow are : Odoratus, the North American purple-flowered 

 Raspberry; it grows freely, and during July bears fragrant flowers in 

 terminal corymbs. R. deliciosus (the spineless Rocky Mountain Bramble) 

 forms a good bush, and its white flowers are two inches or so across, 

 with a central cluster of yellow stamens. It requires very little pruning 

 other than thinning, and should be planted in bold groups. 7?. bifloms, 

 a free-growing, white-stemmed species, is effective in winter after its 

 leaves have fallen. It is frequently called the whitewashed-stemmed 

 Bramble. Others which have showy white stems are R. btflorus, var. 

 quinquefloms and R. lasiostylus, both of Chinese origin. R. bambusarum, 

 R.flagelliformis, and R. Omeiensis have all long slender branches clothed 

 with pretty leaves. They may be planted against a pergola with ad- 

 vantage. Other distinct Chinese sorts are R. Giraldianus, R. chroosepalus , 

 R. Playfairii, and R. VeitcMi. An old kind of considerable decorative 

 value is found in R. ihyrsoideus flore pleno. It has semi-double pink 

 flowers, and blossoms freely during July and August. Mature bushes are 

 often eight feet high and ten feet through. For planting out of doors 

 in southern counties the Japanese Bramble (R. phcenicolasius) is a success. 

 It is vigorous, with pink flowers carried in long racemes, followed in 

 autumn by scarlet berries. This is called the Japanese Wineberry, too, 

 and is a picturesque_spreading shrub ; its fruits are liked by some for 

 dessert and jam. 



Sambucus (Elder). The Elders will grow in gravelly soil, but do 

 best in moist, loamy soil where there is a little shade. The type, S. ntgra, 

 need not be referred to here, but a few of its varieties are worthy of con- 

 sideration. In the first place, the Parsley-leaved variety, laciniata, is a 

 handsome cut-leaved Elder, and foliis aureis (Golden Elder) has richly 

 coloured foliage, especially if the soil is inclined to be dry and the position 

 a sunny one. The'silver-leaved form makes a'good companion to it, as it 

 grows freely, and the silvered leaves [are [[quite distinct. Sfjaamosa, a 



