GARDENING TERMS EXPLAINED 507 



and iron shod. It makes a hole in the ground sufficiently large to 

 receive potato sets, and 5 inches deep. 



Division. Many plants, especially those of a herbaceous or 

 perennial nature, are increased by division. Thus when roots become 

 large and have numerous crowns or shoots resting in the winter, when 

 free from stems, if these roots be then lifted and divided into several 

 portions with the aid of a knife or sharp spade, a considerable number 

 of small but proper roots or plants are thus formed. Rhubarb roots 

 propagate freely in this way, but the operation is far more in use in 

 the hardy flower-border where Phloxes, Sunflowers, Peonies, indeed so 

 many plants, can be thus increased. Divisions should always be made 

 whilst the plants are at rest, but in the case of hardy flowers perform 

 the operation early in the autumn, as the divided roots become estab- 

 lished again before spring growth commences. Division is easily per- 

 formed if common care be exercised. 



Drainage. This term in gardening has various meanings, begin- 

 ning with the putting of a small quantity of well-broken potsherds or 

 soft brick into the bottoms of pots to be used for putting plants into, 

 or into pans or boxes in which seedling plants may be raised, or into 

 tubs, &c., for large plants. Also in the proper draining of green- 

 houses, pits, forcing-houses, and other garden buildings, or in the 

 proper drainage of gardens, lawns, pleasure-grounds, roads, paths, and 

 other garden features. All the latter work is done with the aid of 

 proper drain-pipes, which readily carry off surplus moisture to suitable 

 receptacles when drains are properly laid in the ground. Pot or pan 

 drainage is easily made by the breaking up of broken pots or pans 

 with a hammer. In doing this first make some portions known as 

 " crocks." These are pieces large enough to cover and protect the 

 drain-holes in the pots, i.e. so that the smaller bits laid on them do not 

 pass through. It is well always to place a thin layer of moss over the 

 drainage before adding soil. 



Drilling. In sowing seeds of garden crops, especially of vege- 

 tables, there are two common methods. One is broad-casting, which 

 means casting the seed widely though as evenly as possible all over 

 the portion of ground to be sown. The other method is " drilling." 

 By that shallow furrows or " drills " are formed on the ground with the 

 aid of a garden hoe, and at equal distances apart, or it may be done 

 with a small hand drill propelled on wheels. This makes a drill and 

 sows seed at the same time. The value of drilling is in sowing seeds 

 evenly all over the plot and at equal depths. Seeds are also econo- 

 mised as a smaller quantity is necessary. When the seeds have 

 germinated the seedlings are easily seen in the rows, and if weeds are 

 abundant, all those between the rows of earth can be safely hoed up, 

 and those in the rows can be pulled out by hand. Thus the seed 

 breadth is easily cleaned, and as there is so much room between the 

 rows the plants can grow strongly. Gardeners generally sow most 

 seeds in drills, as this is found the better way. 



Espalier. This implies flat training of trees to fences, wire trellises, 



