112 MIOCENE LOCALITIES. 



dog-like carnivorous animal Amphicyon intermedius, an associate 

 whose rapacity probably often disturbed the peaceful silence of 

 the old forest. 



The other parts of the shore of the Alpine lake with which we 

 are acquainted present us with a very similar flora. They con- 

 sist of some small patches at Rufii near Schannis, and more to 

 the north at Waggithal, at Rothenthurm, and the Rosenberg,, 

 in which are found the same species of plants, intermixed with 

 some other peculiar forms> 



3. St. Gall. 



A very different picture is presented by the environs of St. 

 Gail during the Helvetian stage. To form an idea of this scene 

 we must imagine all the hills and mountains removed which 

 now so charmingly environ the town of St. Gall, for the mate- 

 rial of which these elevations consist was only accumulated in 

 Miocene times. The country between St. Gall and the Creta- 

 ceous mountains of Appenzell consists of Lower Freshwater 

 Molasse, and was clothed with plants, in the remains of which 

 twenty-two species have been found in the sandstones of Teuffen 

 and at the Ruppen. With about forty species known from the 

 Lower Molasse of the neighbourhood of St. Gall, they form a 

 small flora which gives us some information as to the Miocene 

 vegetation of the district. It was wooded with evergreen cam- 

 phor and laurel trees, as well as with walnut-trees, poplars, and 

 Robinia and fine-leaved Acacia. Several species of Cyperacese 

 and a reed-mace (Massettd) indicate a marshy soil. This flora 

 probably maintained itself south of St. Gall during the whole 

 period of the formation of the Molasse ; but in the vicinity of 

 St. Gall it was destroyed by the irruption of the sea which took 

 place during the Helvetian period. At this epoch we find traces 

 here of a sea-shore. The quarry. in the immediate vicinity of 

 St. Gall shows the spot where a brook, flowing from the south, 

 emptied itself into the sea. Its banks were fringed with reeds 

 and reed-maces, the remains of which we now find in the marls. 

 Leaves are met with of the trilobate maple, of a species of bil- 

 berry, a holly, and some dogwoods and buckthorns, probably 

 growirig upon its banks ; whilst two rigid-leaved Banksia (B. 



