PINES. 157 



Fig. 337. Entire cone, from Morschweil. 



Fig. 838. A pair of leaves, from Utznach. 



Fig. 339. Pinus syhestris t Linn., cone from Morschweil. 



Fig. 340. Ditto. Scale, from within, with the seeds, from Morschweil. 



Fig. 341. Ditto. Scale, from the outside. 



Fig. 342. Taxus baccata, Linn., nut, twice nat. size, from Diirnten. 



Fig. 343. Coryhis avellana, Linn., ovata, from Diirnten. 



Fig. 344. Coj*ylus avellana, from Morschweil. 



Fig. 345. Menyanthes trifoliata, Linn., from Diirnten, three times nat. 



size. #, seed, lateral view; b, seed, section. 

 Fig. 346. Scirpus lacustris, Linn., fruit, from Diirnten, three times nat. 



size. 



Fig. 347. Vaccinium Vitis idcea, Linn.?, four times nat. size. 

 Fig. 348. Holopleura Victoria, Gasp., from Diirnten, six times nat. size. 



a, side view; b, longitudinal section; c, aperture left by the throw- 



ing-off of the operculum ; d, upper surface with the operculum. 

 Fig. 349. Quercus Robur, Linn., cupule from Morschweil. 



in the air it dries and becomes brittle, and as hard as bone *. 

 The trunks are often still clothed with the rough bark, and 

 variously branched ; but the branches cannot be followed out to 

 the finer twigs. The wood has been examined microscopically 

 by Prof. Heer's friend, Prof, linger of Vienna, and found to be 

 identical with that of the pine. Fig. 331 represents a longitu- 

 dinal section cut parallel to the bark, which shows the medullary 

 rays cut across. The medullary rays are sometimes simple, 

 consisting only of one row of cells, but are sometimes composed 

 of several rows, such as the pines possess. Transverse sections 

 show that the annual rings of growth were of considerable 

 thickness. In these transverse sections (fig. 330) we see that 

 the cells are closely pressed together. It is impossible to decide 

 whether this wood belongs to the common or the mountain- 

 pine; but fortunately the lignites have also preserved twigs 

 bearing the leaves and numerous cones, which demonstrate that 

 both species t at that time inhabited Switzerland. 



* It frequently has a dark brown colour, and then is regarded as walnut- 

 wood by the workmen at the pits. 



t The common pine (^Pinus sylvestris, Linn.) forms lofty trees, becoming 

 umbrella-like when old, with a reddish-yellow bark ; the flat upper surface 

 of the needles or leaves is powdered with blue, and their apex is pointed. 

 The female catkins are stalked and bent down ; the ripe cones are pendent, 



