MAMMOTH. 217 



80 feet above the lake, and consisting entirely of Alpine mate- 

 rial,, which Avas probably deposited there during the second 

 Glacial period. As the teeth lay in its upper stratified portion, 

 they probably arrived there at a time when a rivulet flowed 

 towards the basin of the lake then occupied by the glacier, and 

 formed the gravel-bed probably after the ice-masses had disap- 

 peared from the district. In the Canton of Berne teeth and 

 fragments of bones have been found at Neubruck and Rapper- 

 schwyl (near Atibltern), and in the city of Berne, not far from 

 the Federal Palace. In the latter locality a tooth was obtained 

 in a deposit of glacial gravel derived from the great terminal 

 moraine, the formation of which probably dates from the close 

 of the Glacial epoch *. In the Canton of Basle, where the 

 gravel-beds have furnished remains of the mammoth at various 

 places (as . near Liestal, Diegten, Dornach, Grollingen, and 

 Munchenstein), they may have been deposited in the intergla- 

 cial or the postglacial period ; and a similar observation applies 

 to the remains of animals collected at the Isteinerklotz below 

 Basle. At this point the rock of the Jura projects into the 

 Rhine, and objects floating down the Rhine are frequently cast 

 upon the bank. This was the case even in the drift epoch ; for 

 remains of the mammoth, urus, horse, giant stag, hyaena, and 

 cave-bear have been found here; so that the river must then 

 have had its present course. But whether these animals were 

 stranded during or after tHe Glacial period cannot now be ascer- 

 tained. The mammoth-remains discovered in the Canton of 

 Soleure (near the city and near Trimbach),the great tusk found 

 in the bed of the Aar near Aarau, and the fine molars exhumed 

 near Luttingen in the neighbourhood of Hauenstein, throw no 

 light upon the matter. The teeth of the mammoth at Luttingen 

 (p. 165, fig. 351) lay among remains of bones of the urus (Bos 

 primigenius) in a marshy soil which was covered with a bed of 

 loam, and occupied a basin enclosed by primitive rocks of the 

 locality. From the facts hitherto ascertained we learn that the 

 mammoth appeared in Switzerland at the end of the second 

 Glacial epoch. 



* See Isidor Bachmann, * Ueber die iu Bern vorkomniendeii versteinerten 

 Thieneste : ' Bern, 1807. 



