230 MORPHOLOGY. 



at the same time its height, since the long prostrate trunk of Calamus 

 Rotang is a runner. * The tall Palms have a cauloma. f The stem of 

 the Grasses originates in a different manner from that of the other Mono- 

 cotyledons. The germ (keim, this is the name Link gives the cotyledon) 

 is wholly wanting, or a scutellum J appears in its place, which, without 

 bud (! !), passes directly into the stem, which sends out roots below and 

 grows upward above. I should wish to retain the name ' halm ' solely 

 in reference to the following. The thick stem of Mays is very peculiar, 

 proceeding, as out of a bud, from the apex of a stem exactly like the 

 former, between the leaves. I would wish to call the upper stem halm || , 

 did this not differ so much from the customary language, therefore I 

 rather give this name to the former. This stem has a two-fold analogy 

 with the stem and with the germ (cotyledon) of the other Monocotyle- 

 dons." J. Later on (page 301.) follow the so-called anamorphoses of the 

 trunk. ^[ " The cauloma (palm-stem) occurs only in the Monocotyledons, 

 and originates from leaves, which emerge one out of the other, and, in 

 fact, from their sheaths. ** Merely a slender (! !) filament of stem unites 

 these leaves ff. The number of leaves increases unceasingly, and thus the 

 cauloma !J;| acquires increased thickness. But then that slender stem 

 grows larger, since new parenchyma is formed, and in this new ligneous 

 bundles. Thus the cauloma does not become thickened upward j| ||, but 

 retains exactly the same diameter ; nay, the lower portion is not un- 

 frequently thinner than the upper, on account of the withering leaf- 

 sheathes. J4 The cauloma grows slowly, and plants which have it remain 



bryo is certainly a true stem, and yet may be prostrate : in the twining stem the length 

 and height are different. 



* Whence does Link know this? To me it is very probable that this is the primary 

 axis. 



f Is not that a stem ? No one has taken it for anything else yet. 



\ This scutellum is identical, in every respect, with the cotyledon in its development, 

 and is never wanting in the Grasses. 



Has Link ever beheld one single embryo of a grass and its bud which is distinctly 

 separated from the scutellum ? 



|| Why, is not evident. 



4 If the germination of the oat be compared with that of maize, no distinction at all 

 can be observed. The cotyledon (scutellum) does not become elongated : the large 

 bud comes forth, in both, from the slit in the cotyledon ; originally forms a developed 

 internode ; next some undeveloped, and then developed internodes ; in short, there does 

 not exist the slightest distinction when one examines accurately. If the germination of 

 AUium and Avena be compared, one cotyledon will be found in both, and in both this 

 encloses a formed bud, below a little slit. In AUium the cells of the cotyledon become 

 elongated, so that the root, stem, and bud are removed somewhat from the seed ; in 

 Avena not : this is the sole distinction. But people must look into things. 



H" An expression equally superfluous and misapplied ; for conditions of structure and 

 differences of form are thrown together under it without distinction. 



** Either false, or meaning nothing. The leaves never come out of leaves, but out 

 of the stem. But in the Grasses, also, and in all plants with sheathing leaves, one leaf 

 surrounds another. 



If Has Link ever seen a single Palm germinate, or examined a section through the 

 active terminal bud of a Yucca or a Palm ? 



J j: The trunk of Palms and of Yucca never increase in thickness when once a sufficient 

 base has been formed, but ascend vertically upward : the leaves originate on the thick, 

 homogeneous, undivided mass of the rudimentary portion of stem in the terminal bud. 



This is diametrically opposed to the truth. Neither parenchyma nor vascular 

 bundles ever grow, in unbranched Palm-stems, after they have passed out of the con- 

 dition of bud. 



|||| A direct contradiction of the statement a few lines before. 



J.J. This has no meaning whatever. If the cauloma, as such, is thicker above than 

 below, it must have increased in size upward ; if, hoAvever, it means that the cylin- 



