260 MORPHOLOGY. 



5. As to the Nodes. 



A. With imperfect nodes (caulis, truncus). 



B. With perfect nodes. 



a. Stalk (culmus). 



b. Stem (calamus). 



N. B. It is exceedingly useful to mark this distinction by 

 definite terms : but then we must name the stalk of the Caryo- 

 pliyllacece, most Umbelliferce and Labiates, culmus; the stem 

 of Bambusa, Calamus, Piper, Aristolochia, &c., calamus. In 

 other respects the expressions culmus and calamus have no 

 sense, since it could only be defined as a stalk, such as 

 occurs in the plants to which such a stalk is ascribed, 

 the former, namely, in some Grasses, the latter in some Cy- 

 peracece.* 



6. Different Axes of Compound Plants. 



A. Main axis produced from the terminal bud of the embryo 



(caulis vel truncus primarius). 



B. Secondary axis, produced from axillary or adventitious buds 



(c. vel tr. secundarius). 



N. B. Still connected with the main axis, called branch or 

 twig (ramus). 



C. Ramification of the axis (ramificatio). Ramification of the 



pedunculus (inflorescentia). 



D. Secondary axis growing along underground, and its second- 



ary axes alone rising above the soil, root- stock, rhizome 



(rhizoma). 



N. B. For secondary axes which lie upon the earth, because 

 they are too weak to stand erect, there are some special terms, 

 but these appear to me superfluous : jlagellum, stolo, sar- 

 mentum, runner, sucker, which are sometimes to be distinguished 

 by the foliation, sometimes by the rooting, now one way and 

 now another, and again may be different from the caulis 

 repens, humifusus, prostratus, procumbens, decumbens, sarmen- 

 taceus, and all the rest of this manufactory of words, and yet 

 cannot be separated by any characters. 



E. It is useful to discriminate, according to the ramification and 



duration, 



a. The simple plant, the lateral buds of which are flowers (her- 



bula), e. g., Cuscuta, Myosurus : 



b. The branched stalk, herb (herba), e. g., Anagallis, Veronica 



verna : 



* How thoughtlessly a part of the terminology was made and applied cannot be seen 

 more strikingly than if we ascribe a calamus to most of the species of Scirpus, Carex, 

 &c., which, if scapus had any meaning, would fall altogether within its definition. 



