PHANEROGAM1A : BUD ORGANS. 283 



and the Malvacece ; in other cases it is at least probable, as in Aristolo- 

 chia Sipho, though in others, at least in the perfect condition, highly 

 improbable, as in Gymnocladus. Every terminal bud is but the progres- 

 sively developing end of a simple axis, and may have unlimited growth ; 

 the only limits are found in the completion of the last foliaceous and axial 

 organ into normal flowering parts, and apparently in the impossibility of 

 further endosmosis and of further nourishment, when the terminal bud 

 has become removed very far from its source of nourishment (the earth). 

 That the first determination does not necessarily ensue at a definite 

 epoch, on account of morphological laws of the elementary organs, is 

 shown by continuance of growth through flowers ; that the secomi limi- 

 tation of the longitudinal growth is an external one, is demonstrated by 

 the possibility of producing longitudinal growth in the utmost extremities 

 of an old stem by making slips of them. Links's distinction between 

 closed and open buds is quite useless ; all buds are originally closed ; 

 all buds are open during development. The only cases in which such 

 distinctions can apply, are when they develope immediately, and when 

 they remain closed for some time. 



2. With the exception of the true tuber in Solarium and He- 

 lianthus (?), and of the tuber buds (tubercula), all buds have a de- 

 terminate number of rudimentary foliar organs. These foliar 

 organs are folded in specific ways (vernatio), and have a definite 

 position in relation to each other.* From the origin of the foliar 

 organs, it follows that when several arise at the same height, they 

 will always be at some time in such a position that their edges 

 will be in contact (vernatio simplex, foliatio valvata}.\ This posi- 

 tion often persists during the whole period of the bud remaining 

 as such ; it is, however, changed by various circumstances, not yet 

 clearly understood, but which appear to be caused by the indi- 

 vidual development of the separate leaves. In the vernatio the 

 following main forms maybe distinguished : the foliar organs are 

 either curled up in the direction of their length or their breadth, or 

 they are compressed together in irregular folds (vern. corrugativa). 

 In those leaves that are curled up lengthways, we distinguish sharp 

 folds from those which make rounder curves. 



* Linnams used the expression foliatio in the way I do. Subsequently, and unneces- 

 sarily, the words pr&foliatio in the leaf-buds prcefioratio in the flower-buds, were substi- 

 tuted for vernatio and astivatio. I here restrict vernatio in the manner stated. The 

 matter required a name, and that word already exists. But, at the same time, we have 

 here an example of the completely unscientific character of terminology. The four last 

 terms are altogether superfluous, since in this condition it is all one whether the foli- 

 aceous organ be modified or not. On the other hand, the folding of a single leaf by 

 itself, and its position in relation to others, which are clearly two very distinct things, 

 are called by the same name. 



f When there are only two leaves, a superfluous term, foliuiio application, is 

 applied. 



