PHANEROGAMIA: FLOWERS, 325 



In axillary flowers, those parts which are turned towards the 

 peduncle are termed the upper, and those turned towards the 

 bract, where it is present, the lower. Some plants exhibit the 

 peculiarity, that the pedicel, until the time of the blooming, makes 

 a half turn (analogously to the twining stem), and it may be the true 

 pedicel, as in Calceolaria and some Orchidacece ; or the inferior germ, 

 as in most of the Orchidacece. By this curve, the upper parts of such 

 a flower (in those plants the lip) become apparently the under ; and 

 such flowers are termed flores resupinati. The term is sometimes 

 falsely applied to those Orchidacece in which no such twisting takes 

 place, but in which the lip stands regularly as the upper part of 

 the flower, as, for example, in Epipogium. 



The individual organs of the flower taken generally, according 

 to the common view, and known by collective names, may originally 

 consist either of one piece or of more than one : in the first case 

 they are paries monomerce ; in the second case paries di- 9 tri-, or 

 polymercs. In the latter case the parts may be entirely separated 

 and independent of one another, or they may be grown together in 

 various ways. These coherent sets were formerly also called partes 

 monomerce. De Candolle better termed them partes gamomerce ; 

 as, for example, Hemerocallis = perianthium gamo- (mono-) phyllum, 

 hexamerum ; Salvia corolla gamo- (rnono-) petala pentamera ; Rosa 

 corolla pentapetala, &c. 



The coherence occurs here in the same manner as in the stem- 

 leaves, but, on account of the crowded position in the flower- 

 bud, much more frequently. It happens either so that a single 

 foliar organ grows together by its edges into a tubular or cup-like 

 organ, as, for example, occurs frequently in the so-called mono- 

 merous floral envelope (bracteole) ; or that several foliar organs 

 grow together by their edges : this commonly affects all the edges 

 of a circle of leaves, but sometimes two edges remain ununited, 

 as with the calyx of Gentiana lutea. So, again, this process is 

 usually simultaneous in development at all the edges of a circle ; 

 but it sometimes happens very much later a. on two uppermost 

 leaf-edges, whereby the single-lipped forms arise, as in the corolla 

 of Teucrium and t\\Q fares ligulati of the Composites; or, b. with 

 each pair of leaf-edges at the side of the leaf-circle, whereby the 

 two lipped forms (part, bilabiatce) of descriptive botany arise. 

 Another kind of blending also occurs in the flower, of which I 

 know no example in the stem-leaves, and only one in the bracts 

 and bracteoles, namely, the cupula of the Cupulifera, this is the 

 blending together of two or more circles, as in the two circles of 

 the floral envelopes of many Liliacece ; or in these and the two 

 circles of stamens, in the circle of petals and stamens, in the 

 Labiates, &c. ; and in general in all flowers to which arc ascribed 

 stamina perianthio vel corolla (not calyci) inserta. 



The coherence of the stamens of one or more circles has been 

 well termed, since Linnaeus' time, fraternity ((idclphia), and, 

 according to the number of brotherhoods in a flower, mon- 



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