PHANEROGAMIA : FLOWERS. 331 



possible ; but it is not often that the leaves of the floral envelopes 

 have great thickness ; they are almost always more or less flat. But 

 the forms analogous to the pitchers or pouches are here frequent, much 

 more so than is the case with the stem-leaves ; and these are termed, 

 according to their various resemblances to objects, cup-shaped, as 

 the lower petal of Polygala ; hood-like, as in the upper leaf of the 

 perianth of Aconitum ; and So on. If a long sac-like appendage * is 

 formed at the basis of a perianthial leaf expanded above, the un- 

 happily-chosen term spur (calcar) is applied, as in Orchis, Del- 

 phinium, Fumaria, &c. The formation of the spur is frequently 

 conjoined with the formation of a symmetrical flower, where 

 one upper or lower foliar organ forms a spur. The flattened, 

 expanded form, which is connected with the axis by a linear pro- 

 longation, frequently occurs in the sepals (?). This expanded 

 surface is termed the limb or blade of the leaf (lamina) ; the nar- 

 rowed base is not termed petiole but claw (unyuis). True articu- 

 lation is frequent between the floral envelopes and the axis, but it 

 never occurs in the continuity of these leaves (?) ; therefore there 

 are no true compound perianthial leaves, though a simply divided 

 limb is frequent, as the petala palmatifida in Reseda, the petala 

 pinnatifida in Scfiizopetalum, &c. An indication of true articulation 

 may probably be afforded in the separation of the upper part of the 

 tube of the flower in Mirabilis, of the calyx of the Datura, from 

 the lower, and in some similar cases. 



True stipules are not met with in the floral envelopes, but 

 appendages analogous to the ligula appear, to which, indeed, a part 

 of the structure described as the corona belongs. As in the Nar- 

 cissus and the Lychnis, the scales of the throat of the Boraginece 

 also belong here. These parts are formed in very various fashions 

 on the floral envelopes, and such appendages are sometimes exhi- 

 bited standing upon the surface of the foliar organ, in three or more 

 rows, one above another. Almost all forms which descriptive 

 botany recognises as corona and accessory corolla (paracorolhi) 

 belong here, in particular a part of those elegant forms exhibited in 

 the Stapelice and the Passiflorece ; so also do a portion of the so-termed 

 nectaria, as, for example, in the petals of Ranunculus. All these 

 are mere dependant appendages of the foliar organs, which are 

 developed originally simple and flat, all these parts being produced 

 from them subsequently. Coherence and abortion have been 

 already treated of. Here, also, occurs the one-sided development 

 of a foliar organ: this is seen frequently in the petals of the 

 ApocynacecR ( Vinca, Nerium, and Cerbera). 



The collective form of one or more circles, whether coherent with 

 each other or not, is more accurately designated according to fur- 

 ther peculiarities, as tubular (tubulosuin), bell-shaped (campanu- 

 latum), funnel-shaped (infundibuliforme), salver-shaped (liypocra- 

 teriforme), rotate (rotatam), &c. 



* Exactly analogous to the pouch or pitcher in Dischidia Rajfleslana and davata. 



