446 



MORPHOLOGY. 



A 271 



to the side walls. Finally, the forms of the embryo itself have 

 been sufficiently explained in the preceding pages. 



2. Of the accessory Organs of the Fruit. 



181. The parts of the flower external to the germen persist 

 in part until the maturation of the seed, often undergoing many 

 changes, especially as regards their texture, which not infrequently 

 becomes fleshy ; hence they sometimes assume the appearance of 

 fruit (spurious fruit). As examples of this may here be offered the 

 peduncle (in Ficus), the pedicel (in Hovenia dulcis), the bracts (in 

 Ananassa), the perianth (in Morus], the calyx (in Cueubalus bacci- 

 fer\ the corolla (in MirabiUs), the disc (in Rosa), the receptacle 

 (in Fragaria). 



In a similar condition to the close connection in which calyx, corolla, 

 &c., stand to the other organs of the flower, the organs of the nearer 

 (calyx, corolla, perianth, disc, receptacle, &c.) or more distant (pedicel, 

 epicalyx, bracteoles, bracts, peduncle, <fec.) parts of the flower persisting 

 or undergoing further development up to the time when the fruit is 

 mature, come into nearer relation with the fruit. The different points 

 of view under which the forms are conditioned here, have been already 

 explained. The structural conditions are also important here, since fre- 

 quently the most heterogeneous parts undergo transformations which 

 cause them to assume a resemblance to any of the forms of the true 

 fruit. We even find the development of the four layers occurring in the 

 pericarp, expressed in a similar manner here in these parts, for instance, 

 in the perianth of Elaagnus. Where simply the calyx persists, growing 

 in its green condition, and then becoming membranous or thinly woody, 

 no regard has been paid to it, and it is simply called fructus calyce 

 textus, or the flower merely is said to have calyx persistens ; but where 

 a different alteration of the texture has taken place,. and these accessory 

 parts specially enclose the true fruit, a peculiar form of fruit has been 

 made of it, and a technical term soon found ; and thus, with double incon- 

 sistency, the organs become fleshy are made kinds of fruit (the peduncle 

 of Ficus), while those altered in a different way (the peduncle of Urtica) 

 are not : then again, some of them changed into a fleshy condition are 

 described as what they really are, e. g., the fleshy peduncle of Anacar- 

 dium, which no one has proposed to make a special kind of fruit. The 

 whole of the terminology arisen out of these considerations is superfluous, 

 since the further development ought to be always indicated in the de- 



