534 ORGANOLOGY. 



moment of its separation, is in organic connection with the parent plant ; 

 its continuity is the same, and it is developed entirely under the formative 

 tendency of the parent individual, with all the accidental conditions to 

 which it is exposed. But that it can be influenced by many things 

 independent of the parent plant, is proved by many cases. The so- 

 called water-shoots (individuals developed from buds) are frequently 

 distinguished from the parent plant by an enormous development of the 

 leaves. Shoots of the oak, springing from a felled branch, are often 

 found in woods with leaves a foot long. Grafts and eyes frequently 

 become modified in their growth, and in no way possess the characters 

 of their parent plants.* 



208. The various modes of reproduction are subservient in 

 nature to the increase of individuals upon the surface of the earth. 

 In many plants it is constantly present, in others it is only pro- 

 duced by extraordinary external agencies ; and hence it occurs less 

 frequently. There are many plants which produce a quantity of 

 buds in various forms ( 136.), which subsequently, through the 

 death of the parent plant, or of the connecting internodes, become 

 isolated. They are called proliferous plants. 



Many horticultural operations, which have for their object some- 

 times the increase and the preservation and alteration of the plant, 

 are founded upon the formation of buds. 



The formation of buds on leaves, and the natural growth of buds, 

 are both very generally used for the increase of plants. In the 

 last instance, what are called layers are formed, in which a branch, 

 whilst still attached to the parent plant, is placed in the ground, 

 and the buds are allowed to put forth adventitious roots, and is sub- 

 sequently cut away ; or the branch is at once taken away from the 

 parent plant, and allowed to put forth adventitious roots ; such 

 branches are called cuttings. 



For the attainment of certain special objects in the culture of 

 plants, buds are conveyed from one individual to another. This 

 operation consists essentially in the bringing into close contact the 

 exposed, living, vegetating, and similarly constituted cellular tissue 

 of two plants, and then protecting it from external injuries till the two 

 wounded surfaces are grown together. Thus buds are translated 

 (grafted, inoculated), and are removed singly from the parent plant 

 with a piece of the bark (eyes), or young branches (grafts), and 

 are inserted upon stems (stocks) variously cut to receive them : 

 the first are inserted under a loosened portion of the bark ; the last 

 between the bark and the wood, or are placed in contact with the 

 stem, cut in a suitable manner. Another mode is, binding together 

 the cut surfaces of the branches of two plants, and separating the 

 one wished from the parent plant when the two have grown 

 together. This process is called inarching. 



I insert this paragraph, without having much more to say ; for the first 

 point belongs to Special Botany, and the second belongs as little to 



* Lindley, Theory of Horticulture. London, 1840. p, 220. 



