CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 197 



straw-color to reddish-brown; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long; bristles whitish 

 (E. gracile, var. paucinervium Engelm. ; E. paucinervium A. A. Eaton. ) 

 Swainps and bogs, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J. and 111. Fr. July, Aug. 



6. E. angustif61ium Roth. Culms 2-6 dm. high, slender, obtusely angled ; 

 basal leaves broad, conduplicate above the middle ; cauline leaves few, stiff, flat 

 at base, 1.5-15 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; spikelets 

 2-10, mostly on stout glabrous or glabrate peduncles (0.5-7 cm. long), in 

 anthesis ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, in fruit 2. 5-4. 5 cm. long; scales lead-color to 

 castaneous, 4-10 mm. long, the nerveless tip membranous; anthers 2.5-5 mm. 

 long; achenes 2.7-3.5 mm. long; bristles bright white. {E. polystachion L., 

 in part.) Cold bogs, Arctic Am., s. to Nfd., N. S., N. B., Me., L. Superior, 

 etc. Fr. June, July. (Eurasia.) Var. M\JUS Scbultz. Stout and tal] 

 (3-9 dm.) ; the leaves 4-8 mm. broad, South to Me., Ont., 111., Wise., la., etc. 

 (Eurasia.) 



7. E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Culms 2-9 dm. high; leaves 

 flat except at tip, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 3-30, on slender simple or forked 

 minutely hairy peduncles, in anthesis slender-ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, in fruit 

 1.5-3 cm. long ; scales greenish-drab to lead-color, the prominent often scabrous 

 midrib extending to the tip ; anthers 1-1.25 mm. long ; bristles whitish or pale 

 buff. {E. polystachion of most Am. authors.) Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd. 

 to Sask. and B. C., s. to Ct., N. Y., O., Mich., Wis., and said to extend to Ga. 

 Fr. May-Aug. Var. FELIAWSII Fernald. Spikelets all sessile. Local, Me. 

 and Mass. 



8. E. virginicum L. Culms wiry, terete below, trigonous above, smooth, 

 4-12 dm. high ; leaves flat, stiff, elongate-linear, with close sheaths, the upper- 

 most 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide; involucral bracts somewhat divergent; 

 spikelets mostly crowded in a dense glomerule, in anthesis 6-10 mm. long, in 

 fruit 1-2 cm. long ; scales with strongly striate-ribbed greenish or straw-colored 

 body and thin nerveless red-brown margin ; bristles tawny or copper-color. 

 Bogs and meadows, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Ga. Fr. July-Sept. Var. 

 ALBUM Gray. Bristles whitish. Ct. and N. Y. 



11. FUIRENA Rottb. UMBRELLA GRASS 



Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, 

 axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, 

 awned below the apex, all floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate 

 or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usu- 

 ally with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. 

 Style 3-cleft. Achene triangular, pointed with the per- 

 sistent base of the style. Culms from a usually perennial 

 root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish 

 botanist.) 



1. F. squarrbsa Michx. Annual, 0.5-3 dm. high; stems 

 glabrous ; leaf -sheaths more or less hispid ; spikelets 2-8 ; 

 perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long- 

 stipitate and attenuate to a long retrorsely barbed awn; 

 barbed bristles usually exceeding the yellow-brown achene, 

 which is equaled by the persistent style. (Var. pumila 



Torr.) Sandy shores and swamps, Mass, to Fla.; Mich. 306. F. squarrosa. 

 and Ind. Aug. -Oct. FIG. 306. 



2. F. hispida Ell. Perennial; stem (2.5-8 dm. high) leafy; leaves and 

 sheaths densely hairy; spikelets ellipsoid (0.5-1.2 cm. long), bristly with the 



spreading awns of the scales ; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid- 

 ovate, with a short thick smooth terminal awn or point, the inter- 

 posed mostly barbed bristles shorter than the yellow achene, which 

 is twice as long as the persistent style. (F. squarrosa, var. 

 807. F. hispida. Chaprn.) Sandy wet places, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., n. in the 

 Fruit x 2%. low country to Ky. and I. T. July-Oct. FIG. 307. 



