LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY) 289 



17. ERYTHR6NIUM L. DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET 



Perianth lily-like, of 6 lanceolate recurved or spreading divisions, deciduous, 

 the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the base, and a groove in 

 the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped ; anthers oblong-linear. Style elongated. 

 Capsule obovoid, contracted at base, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds rather numer- 

 ous. Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering 

 into petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising 

 from a deep solid scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (The 

 Greek name for the purple-flowered European species, from tpv6p6s, red.) 



1. E. americanum Ker. (YELLOW ADDER'S-TONGUE). Scape 1.5-2 dm. 

 high ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pale green, mottled with purplish and whitish 

 and often minutely dotted ; perianth light yellow, often spotted near the 

 base (2-4 cm. long); style club-shaped ; stigmas united. Rich ground, N.B. to 

 Fla. , w. to Ont. and Ark. 



2. E. albidum Nutt. (WHITE DOG'S-TOOTH VIOLET.) Producing subter- 

 ranean offshoots from the base of the corm ; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, less or 

 not at all spotted ; perianth pinkish-white ; inner divisions toothless ; style more 

 slender except at the apex, bearing 3 short spreading stigmas. Rich ground, 

 Ont. to N. J., w. to Minn, and Tex. 



3. E. mesoch&reum Knerr. No basal offshoots; leaves narrowly lance- 

 oblong or linear-lanceolate, not mottled ; perianth-divisions bluish or lavender- 

 tinted, scarcely or not at all revolute ; stigmas spreading. Prairies, w. la. 

 (Burgess} and Mo. to Kan. and Neb. 



4. E. propullans Gray. Offshoot arising from the stem, near the middle; 

 leaves smaller and more acuminate ; flowers bright rose-color, yellowish at base 

 (12 mm. long); style slender; stigmas united. In rich soil, Minn, and Ont. 



TrjLTPA SYLVESTRIS L., a wild tulip of Europe, readily recognized by its soli- 

 tary subscapose large yellow flowers, 6-divided perianth and thickish subsessile 

 stigma, is said to be established in e. Pa. (Fretz). (Adv. from Eu.) 



18. CAMASSIA Lindl. 



Perianth slightly irregular, of 6 blue or purple spreading 3-7-nerved divisions ; 

 filaments filiform. Style thread-like, the base persistent. Capsule short and 

 thick, 3-angled, loculicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish seeds in each 

 cell. Scape and linear leaves from a coated bulb ; the flowers in a simple 

 raceme, mostly bracted, on jointed pedicels. (From the native Indian name 

 quamash or camass.) 



1. C. esculSnta (Ker) Robinson. (EASTERN C AMASS, WILD HYACINTH.) 

 Scape 1.5-7 dm. high ; leaves keeled ; raceme elongated ; bracts longer than 

 the pedicels ; divisions of the perianth pale blue, 3-nerved, 10-14 mm. long ; 

 capsule acutely triangular-globose. (Scilla Ker ; C. Fraseri Torr. ; Quamasia 

 esculenta Coville: Q. hyacinthina Britton.) Rich ground, w. Pa. to Minn., 

 Tex., and Ga. This species should be carefully distinguished from the larger- 

 flowered plant of the Northwest, which has long passed as C. esculenta Lindl., 

 a name which must be replaced by Camassia quamash Greene. 



19. ORNITH6GALUM [Tourn.] L. STAR OP BETHLEHEM 



Perianth of 6 (white) spreading 3-7-nerved divisions. Filaments 6, flattened- 

 awl-shaped. Style 3-sided ; stigma 3-angled. Capsule roundish-angular, with 

 few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, locnlicidal. Scape and linear chan- 

 neled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed, bracted ; pedicels not 

 jointed. (A whimsical name from 6pvis, a bird, and yd\a, milk.} 



1. 0. UMBELL\TUM L. Scape 1-2.5 dm. high ; flowers 5-8, on long and 

 spreading pedicels ; perianth-divisions green in the middle on the outside. Es- 

 caped from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.) 



GRAY'S MANUAL 19 



