580 



VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY; 



commonly display characters more or less intermediate between those of the 

 parents, and show marked vegetative vigor but greatly impaired fertility. (The 

 ancient Latin name of the genus.) 



N.B. In this genus the figures are of the stigmas, styles, and upper part of 

 the ovary, and are on a scale of 5. 



I. PLANTS STEMLESS, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from 

 runners. (For Group II. see p. 585. ) 



1. Style club-shaped, beakless, obliquely concave at the summit ; stigma within 



a small protuberance near the center of the cavity (Fig. 806). 

 1. V. pedata L. (BIRD-FOOT V.) Nearly glabrous; rootstock short, erect, 



not scaly ; leaves 3-divided, the lateral divisions 3-5-parted or -cleft, the segments 

 all linear or narrowly spatulate, often 2-3-toothed or cut near the 

 apex ; the leaves of early spring or of autumn often less dissected ; 

 flowers 2-3 cm. broad ; the upper petals dark violet, the others 

 pale to deep lilac-purple, all beardless ; the orange tips of the 

 stamens large and conspicuous at the center of the flower ; cap- 

 sules green, glabrous ; seeds copper-colored ; apetalous flowers 

 wanting, but petaliferous flowers often produced in late summer 

 and autumn. (Var. bicolor Pursh.) Open sunny slopes in 

 sandy soil, s. N. E. (where rare) to Md. Var. LINEAR^LOBA DC. 

 All the petals of the same lilac-purple color. ( V. pedata Man. 



ed. 6, not L.) Locally abundant, e. Mass, to Minn., and south w. 



r . pedata, ' ' 



v. lineariloba. 1G ' UO - 



2. Style dilated upward in a vertical plane, capitate, with a conical beak on 

 the lower side; stigma within the tip of the beak (Fig. 807). 



a. Rootstock fleshy and thickened, without runners ; petals violet-blue 



to purple, the lateral bearded (BLUE VIOLETS) b. 

 b. Leaves heart-shaped, the margins merely crenate-serrate, or in 

 nos. 8-10 some leaves lobed but the cleistogamous flowers on 

 prostrate peduncles c. 

 c. Plants essentially glabrous. 



Beard of lateral petals strongly knobbed; cleistogamous flow- 

 ers long and slender ........ 



Beard of lateral petals not strongly knobbed ; cleistogamous 



flowers ovoid or ovoid-acuminate. 

 Cleistogamous flowers mostly on ascending peduncles ; 



capsules 5-10 mm. long. 

 Leaves and sepals obtuse ; capsules green .... 



Leaves and sepals acute; cleistogamous capsules usually 



purplish 



Cleistogamous flowers mostly on short prostrate peduncles ; 



capsules 10-15 mm. long. 

 Leaves all undivided. 



Vernal leaves purplish beneath ; plants of sandy or dry soil 

 Vernal leaves green beneath ; plants of moist soil. 

 Leaves narrow, gradually attenuated; flowers pale 



violet . 



Leaves broad, merely acute or abruptly pointed; 



flowers deep violet 



Leaves palmately lobed or parted 



c. Plants more or less pubescent d. 

 d. Leaves for the most part palmately 5-9-lobed .... 



d. Some leaves hastately 3-5-lobed 



d. Leaves all undivided e. 



e. Spurred petal glabrous or bearing only scattered hairs ; cap- 

 sules 8-12 mm. long 



e. Spurred petal villous ; capsules 5-8 mm. long. 



Pubescent only on upper surface of leaves .... 

 Pubescent on petioles and lower surface of leaves. 



Sepals and their auricles ciliolate 



Sepals and their auricles not ciliolate .... 

 3. Leaves not heart-shaped, usually sharply dentate toward the base 

 or lobed ; cleistogamous flowers sagittate, on erect peduncles ; 

 capsules green /. 

 /. Spurred petal villous g. 



g. Leaves ovate-oblong, pubescent, short-petioled . . . .15. V. fimbriatula. 

 g. Leaves lanceolate, usually glabrous, long-petioled ; basal lobes 



often dilated and incised 16. V. sagittata. 



2. V. eucullata. 



3. V. nephrophylla. 



4. V. afflnis. 



5. V. laUuscula. 



V. missouriensis. 



7. V. papilionacea. 



8. V. Stoneana. 



9. V. palmata. 

 10. V. triloba. 



11. V. sororia. 



12. V. Ursutula. 



13. V. septentrionalis. 



14. V. novae-angliae. 



