582 VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY) 



white-margined, slightly ciliolate ; capsules from apetalous flowers broadly ellip- 

 soid, finely dotted with purple ; seeds buff-colored. Kiver bottoms and low 

 woods, Mo. and southw. 



7. V. papilionacea Pursh. Plants commonly robust from a stout horizontal 

 branching rootstock ; leaves often 12 cm. broad, sometimes deltoid in outline 

 above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly 

 pointed ; petioles often sparingly pubescent ; petals deep 

 violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly 

 white ; the spurred petal often narrow and boat-shaped, usu- 

 ally glabrous ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, rarely ciliolate ; 

 cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually 

 underground but lengthened and erect when the capsules 

 ripen ; capsules ellipsoid to cylindric, green or dark purple, 

 10-15 mm. long ; seeds 2 mm. long, dark brown. ( V. pal- 

 mata, var. cucullata Gray, in part.) Moist meadows and 

 groves, frequently about dwellings, Mass, to Minn., and 

 80T. V. papilionacea. southw. FIG. 807. 



8. V. Stoneana House. Leaves variously 3-9-lobed or 

 parted, the outer segments broadly lunate, all somewhat dentate or incised, 

 narrowed toward the base ; the vernal and late summer leaves less deeply cut 

 or not at all, glabrous except for minute hairs on the margin and sometimes 

 on the veins ; flowers large, violet, darker towards the throat ; spurred petal 

 glabrous ; capsules from the cleistogamous flowers ovoid, blotched with purple ; 

 seeds buff -colored. Moist woodlands, N. J., e. Pa., and Md. 



9. V. palmata L. Leaves of early summer palmately 5-9-lobed or -parted, 

 the segments variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest ; the 

 first leaves of spring sometimes undivided ; petioles and veins of the lower sur- 

 face densely villous, upper surface often glabrous ; flowers violet-purple, 2-3 cm. 

 broad ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt ; cleistogamous flowers on prostrate 

 peduncles, their capsules ovoid, purple-dotted, 8-12 mm. long ; seeds brown. 

 Dry rich woodlands, Mass, to Minn., and southw. 



10. V. triloba Schwein. Early foliage purplish, turning yellowish-green at 

 flowering time ; some leaves broadly heart-shaped, others 3-5-lobed, the middle 

 segment always broad, the basal segments lunate, the lateral if present narrow, 

 the blade 10-15 cm. wide when mature ; petioles densely villous ; peduncles 

 mostly glabrous, shorter than the leaves ; petals deep violet within, paler with- 

 out ; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly ciliolate ; cleistog- 

 amous capsules ovoid, purplish ; seeds buff or pale brown. ( V. congener 

 Le Conte ; V. palmata, var. dilatata Pollard, not Ell.) Dry woodlands, s. 

 N. E., s. N. Y., and southw. Freely intergrades with the following. 



11. V. sorbria Willd. In size and habit like no. 7, into which it passes ; 

 leaves villous-pubescent especially on the petioles and under surface when 

 young ; vernal flowers on peduncles about the length of the leaves, violet to lav- 

 ender and occasionally white ; outer sepals ovate-oblong, commonly obtuse, cili- 

 olate below the middle and on the short rounded auricles ; cleistogamous flowers 

 ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; capsules of these usually purple ; seeds 

 dark brown. ( V. palmata, var. Pollard.) Moist meadows, alluvial woods, shady 

 ledges and dooryards, w. Que. to Minn., and southw. 



12. V. hirsutula Brainerd. The smallest species of the group ; leaves com- 

 monly appressed to the ground, 2-4 cm. wide, broadly cordate, obtuse, purplish 

 and glabrous beneath, silvery-pubescent above and marked with varying shades 

 of green ; petaliferous flowers violet-purple, on peduncles taller than the leaves ; 

 apetalous flowers small, ovoid, on short prostrate peduncles ; their capsules 

 ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, purple, when ripe raised 3-4 cm. above the leaves ; seeds 

 yellow-brown, 20-30 in a capsule. (V. villosa of recent auth., not Walt.) 

 Dry rich woods, s. N. Y. to Ky. and Ga. V. villosa, var. cordifolia Nutt., with 

 broader acute leaves less pubescent above, and with infertile capsules and darker 

 seeds, seems to be a cross between V. hirsutula and V. papilionacea. 



13. V. septentrionalis Greene. Leaves 3-7 cm. wide, hirsutulous especially 

 on the margins, veins, and petioles, somewhat pointed but the apex blunt 



